Vascular damage is followed by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression at high levels, which is an important mechanism for cerebral radiation necrosis (CRN) development. Antiangiogenic agents (Bevacizumab) alleviates brain edema symptoms caused by CRN through inhibiting VEGF and acting on vascular tissue around the brain necrosis area. Many studies have confirmed that Bevacizumab effectively relieves symptoms caused by brain necrosis, improves patients' performance status and brain necrosis imaging. Considering that the efficacy of antiangiogenic therapy is mainly related to the duration of drug action, low-dose antiangiogenic agents can achieve favorable efficacy. Prevention is the best treatment. The occurrence of CRN is associated with tumor-related factors and treatment-related factors. By controlling these factors, CRN can be effectively prevented.
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Angiogenesis Inhibitors/pharmacology* ; Bevacizumab/therapeutic use* ; Brain/metabolism* ; Consensus ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy* ; Necrosis/etiology* ; Radiation Injuries/etiology* ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism*

Angiogenesis Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung ; blood supply ; pathology ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; blood supply ; pathology ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; drug therapy ; therapy ; Societies, Medical

Ursolic acid (UA) is a sort of pentacyclic triterpenoid carboxylic acid purified from natural plant. UA has a series of biological effects such as sedative, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-diabetic, antiulcer, etc. It is discovered that UA has a broad-spectrum anti-tumor effect in recent years, which has attracted more and more scholars' attention. This review explained anti-tumor actions of UA, including (1) the protection of cells' DNA from different damages; (2) the anti-tumor cell proliferation by the inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor/mitogen-activated protein kinase signal or of FoxM1 transcription factors, respectively; (3) antiangiogenesis, (4) the immunological surveillance to tumors; (5) the inhibition of tumor cell migration and invasion; (6) the effect of UA on caspase, cytochromes C, nuclear factor kappa B, cyclooxygenase, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) or mammalian target of rapamycin signal to induce tumor cell apoptosis respectively, and etc. Moreover, UA has selective toxicity to tumor cells, basically no effect on normal cells. With further studies, UA would be one of the potential anti-tumor agents.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Humans ; Immunologic Surveillance ; drug effects ; Neoplasms ; blood supply ; drug therapy ; immunology ; pathology ; Triterpenes ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use

Chinese Medicine (CM) has been used for several thousand years, playing an important role in the prevention and treatment of diseases including cancer. In the recent four decades, a number of CM herbs have aroused extreme interest in the world-isolating anticancer components from medicinal herbs, using them as biological response modifiers, and most recently as angiogenesis inhibitors. The present review reports both the experimental and clinical results obtained in the field of clinical oncology, especially conducted by our group. The review also presents the possible future of integration of CM and modern medicine in basic research and clinical practice, especially when CM used as adjuvant and maintenance therapy.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Antineoplastic Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; History, Ancient ; Humans ; Integrative Medicine ; Medical Oncology ; history ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; history

OBJECTIVECelastrus orbiculatus Thunb. has been used for thousands of years in China as a remedy against cancer and inflammatory diseases. This study aims to investigate whether C. orbiculatus extract (COE) could inhibit angiogenesis, which is the pivotal step in tumor growth, invasiveness, and metastasis.

METHODSIn this study, the extract from the stem of C. orbiculatus was used. Mouse hepatic carcinoma cells (Hepa1-6) were treated with COE in different nontoxic concentrations (10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 μg/mL). The mRNA and protein expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot, respectively; the active fractions were further tested on C57BL/6 mice and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) for any antiangiogenic effects.

RESULTSCOE significantly inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in Hepa1-6 cells and inhibited VEGF expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, this agent inhibited the formation of the capillary-like structure in primary cultured HUVEC in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, COE significantly reduced the volume and weight of solid tumors with low adverse effects and decreased tumor angiogenesis.

CONCLUSIONSIn summary, COE could be used to treat hepatic carcinoma. The mechanisms of the antitumor activity of COE may be due to its effects against tumor angiogenesis by targeting the VEGF protein.

Administration, Oral ; Angiogenesis Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; blood supply ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Celastrus ; chemistry ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Collagen ; metabolism ; Drug Combinations ; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells ; drug effects ; Humans ; Laminin ; metabolism ; Liver Neoplasms ; blood supply ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; drug effects ; Phytotherapy ; Plant Extracts ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Plant Stems ; chemistry ; Proteoglycans ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; drug effects ; Transcriptional Activation ; drug effects ; genetics ; Tumor Burden ; drug effects ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; biosynthesis ; metabolism

Zebrafish has become an important model organism in many fields of biomedical studies and been increasingly used in Chinese materia medica studies in recent years. This article summarized the achievements and prospect for zebrafish as a pharmacological and toxicological tool in the study and development of Chinese materia medica.
Angiogenesis Inducing Agents ; pharmacology ; Angiogenesis Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Materia Medica ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; toxicity ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Memory Disorders ; prevention & control ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; drug effects ; Zebrafish

OBJECTIVETo study the anti-angiogenesis effect and toxicity of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) plus cinobufacin on transplanted human hepatocarcinoma in nude mice, and the acting mechanism of the treatment was explored as well.

METHODSHuman hepatocarcinoma was transplanted in nude mouse, and the modeled mice were divided at random into 4 groups, 8 in each group. They were treated respectively with normal saline (GA), 2.5 mg/kg As2O3 (GB), 5 mL/kg cinobufacin (GC) and 2.5 mg/kg As2O3 + 5 mL/kg cinobufacin (GD), by intraperitoneal injection for 21 days. The anti-tumor effects was evaluated by estimating general condition of nude mice, tumor size, microvessel density(MVD) level. Expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in tumor, in tumor tissue of mice as well as pathology of tumor were detected by immunohistochemistry assay, optical microscope, transmission electron microscope (TEM), respectively. Moreover, blood routine and pathological examinations of liver and kidney were performed.

RESULTSThe tumor weight and volume were 0.65 +/- 0.25 g and 0.44 +/- 0.14 cm3 in GB, 0.70 +/- 0.27 g and 0.46 +/- 0.19 cm3 in GC, 0.42 +/- 0.16 g and 0.26 +/- 0.11 cm3 in GD, all significantly lower than those in GA (1.06 +/- 0.25 g and 0.67 +/- 0.17 cm3, P < 0.05). The coefficient of drug interaction (CDI) on tumor weight was 0.97 and that on tumor size was 0.86, all less than 1, showing the synergistic action between the two drugs. Expressions of VEGF and EGFR in tumor as well as the MVD were decreased in GB and GC, and the decreasing of these indices were even more significant in GD. Pathologic examination showed the growth of tumor in GB, GC and GD were all inhibited significantly. No obvious toxicity of the treatments to the hepatic, renal and hematopoietic systems in the nude mice was observed.

CONCLUSIONSAs2O3 and cinobufacini showed synergistic action in inhibiting human hepatocarcinoma in nude mice and the angiogenesis in tumor. Combined use of the two had no obvious toxicity to the hepatic, renal and hematopoietic systems.

Amphibian Venoms ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Angiogenesis Inhibitors ; Animals ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; therapeutic use ; Arsenicals ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; blood supply ; drug therapy ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Drug Synergism ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; blood supply ; drug therapy ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Nude ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; drug therapy ; Oxides ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Phytotherapy ; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays

Vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) have presented a new kind of anti-cancer drug in recent years. VDAs take advantage of the weakness of established tumor endothelial cells and their supporting structures. In contrast to anti-angiogenic therapy, which inhibits the outgrowth of new blood vessels, vascular targeting treatments selectively attack the existing tumor vasculature. Here we summarized the anti-tumor activities, mechanisms and clinical applications of small molecule VDAs.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Bibenzyls ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Diphosphates ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Endothelial Cells ; drug effects ; Humans ; Molecular Structure ; Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; Oligopeptides ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Organophosphorus Compounds ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Serine ; analogs & derivatives ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Stilbenes ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Tubulin Modulators ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Xanthones ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use

Aged ; Angiogenesis Inhibitors ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; administration & dosage ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Asia ; ethnology ; Bevacizumab ; Choroidal Neovascularization ; drug therapy ; ethnology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Myopia ; physiopathology ; Prospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Vitreous Body ; blood supply

Hypoxia is a common phenomenon in solid tumors. Resistance of hypoxic tumor cells to radiation is a significant reason of failure in the local control of tumors. The growth and metastasis of solid tumors rely on blood vessels. Antiangiogenic agents mainly target tumor blood vessels, and radiation therapy mainly targets tumor cells. Combination of antiangiogenic treatment and radiation exhibits synergistic effect, which improves the response of tumors to radiation therapy. The mechanisms of interaction between antiangiogenic agents and ionizing radiation are complex and involve interactions between tumor cells and tumor microenvironment, including tumor oxygenation, stroma, and vasculature. The original mechanism of antiangiogenesis is to induce ischemia and hypoxia in tumors, thereby, "starve" the tumors. However, recently, emerging data suggest that antiangiogenic agents could reduce the proportion of hypoxic cells through normalizing tumor vasculature, decreasing oxygen consumption, and other mechanisms. The use of antiangiogenic agents provides a new approach to overcome the hypoxia problem, and ultimately improves the efficacy of radiation therapy. In this review, we discuss tumor hypoxia, tumor angiogenesis and its regulation, mechanisms of antiangiogenic therapy combined with radiation therapy, and how antiangiogenic therapy overcomes tumor hypoxia.
Angiogenesis Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Bevacizumab ; Cell Hypoxia ; drug effects ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Endostatins ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; blood supply ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; radiotherapy ; Neovascularization, Pathologic ; drug therapy ; Oxygen Consumption ; drug effects ; radiation effects