PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze and clarify the concept of gratitude. METHODS: A review of the literature was conducted using several databases. The databases were searched using the following keywords: gratitude, positive psychology, concept analysis. Literatures related to gratitude was reviewed using the framework of Walker and Avant's conceptual analysis process. RESULTS: Gratitude can be defined by the following attributes: 1) expression of interaction, 2) power of drawing positive change, and 3) growth of phases by training and habit. The antecedents of gratitude are as follows: 1) soothing one's anger, 2) decreasing complaints, and 3) increasing expressions of gratitude. The consequences of gratitude are as follows: 1) positive change in oneself, 2) positive change in others, and 3) positive change in the environment. CONCLUSION: The theoretical definition for gratitude will provide a common understanding of this concept and differentiate it from other types of gratitude in the nursing. This clarification and conceptualization of the concept will assist further research of the concept and advance the boundaries of practical applications in nursing for various people.
Anger ; Nursing ; Psychology

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate the relationships among trait anger, anger expression, positive thinking, and gratitude in college students. METHODS: The participants were 370 college students recruited from two universities in P and D cities. Data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and hierarchical regression analysis with the SPSS/WIN 20.0 program. RESULTS: There were significant differences in trait anger and anger-in according to religion and college majors. Moreover, anger-control differed according to college majors. There were significant correlations among trait anger, anger expression, positive thinking, and gratitude. Positive thinking was a significant factor of trait anger explaining 17.0% of the variances. Positive thinking and gratitude were significant factors of anger-control explaining 12.0% of the variances. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that there is a need for strategies to decrease trait anger and promote anger-control by enhancing positive thinking and gratitude in college students.
Anger* ; Humans ; Thinking*

OBJECTIVES: As interest in the field of affective science continues to increase, research into the arousal of emotions by the use of facial stimuli, event pictures, and stimulus words is now being actively pursued. The purpose of this study was to develop a Korean Affective Word List for eliciting emotional reactions. METHODS: The preliminary selection process was more carefully divided into the primary process when the words were extracted which the author thought elicited the emotions of happiness, sadness, fear, anger, and disgust from the Korean-Language Dictionary according to vocabulary frequency, the secondary process when the words were extracted which the Affective Words Selection Committee judged elicited only a single category of emotion. The affective words selected in the two-stage preliminary process were then presented to normal, young subjects, who were asked to allocate each word on the basis of their emotional reaction to one of the following emotional categories: happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust, and surprise. After the selected words caused the intended-emotional response with inter-rater agreement in more than 80%, a total of 166 words were selected except surprise. The complementary selection process was carried out following the preliminary process in order to make up for the lack of surprise words and the relative want of anger words. RESULTS: A total of 184 words were finally selected: 83 words for happiness, 36 for sadness, 24 for fear, 10 for anger, 20 for disgust, and 11 for surprise. CONCLUSION: These Korean affective words are expected to be widely used for eliciting emotions in future Korean research on emotion.
Anger ; Arousal ; Happiness ; Vocabulary

BACKGROUND: We divided hospital workers into two groups according to whether one was an interpersonal service worker (ISW) or was not (non-ISW). We then explored differences between these groups in job stress and emotional labor type and investigated the mediating factors influencing their relationships. METHODS: Our participants included both ISW (n = 353) and non-ISW (n = 71) hospital workers. We administered the Korean Standard Occupational Stress Scale Short Form to measure job stress and the Emotional Labor Scale to indicate both emotional labor type and characteristics. We also administered the Beck Depression Inventory-II to indicate the mediating factors of depressive symptoms, the Beck Anxiety Inventory to indicate the mediating factors of anxiety, and the State Anger Subscale of the State-Trait Anger Expression inventory to indicate the mediating factors of anger. RESULTS: The ISW group showed more severe job stress than the non-ISW group over a significantly longer duration, with greater intensity, and with higher level of surface acting. The ISW group showed a significant positive correlation between surface acting and job stress and no significant correlation between deep acting and job stress. Parallel mediation analysis showed that for ISWs surface acting was directly related to increased job stress, indirectly related to depression, and unrelated to anxiety and anger. CONCLUSION: The ISW group displayed more surface acting and job stress in its emotional labor than the non-ISW group. In the ISW group, surface acting during emotional labor was positively correlated with job stress. Depression partially mediated their relationship.
Anger ; Anxiety ; Depression ; Negotiating

PURPOSE: This study examined the relationships between nurses' exercise behavior and their anger control using a cross-sectional descriptive design. METHODS: The participants were 290 nurses in South Korea, who completed a survey questionnaire on general characteristics, the stage of exercise behavior change, and anger emotion, evaluated using state anger and anger expression method. RESULTS: Those who engaged in regular exercise behavior exhibited lower levels of state anger and higher levels of anger control than those who did not. In the prediction model, a significant association of exercise behavior with anger control was found. The levels of anger control decreased as the age, education level, and work experiences of nurses decreased. Anger control scores were significantly higher than anger suppression scores and anger expression-out scores in the hospital nurses. CONCLUSION: Engaging in regular exercise may help nurses manage anger emotions better.
Anger ; Education ; Korea ; Methods

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of anger, and its expression type to mental health and psychosomatic symptoms in children of multi-cultural families. METHODS: The data were collected from 125 students in grades 4~6, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, t-test, ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparison test were used with the SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. RESULTS: Three anger-expression types were found; low anger expression, anger-out, anger-control/in type. There were significant difference in mental health and psychosomatic symptoms between the upper 25% and lower 25% groups of state-trait anger. Also, levels of state-trait anger and types of anger expression were associated with mental health and psychosomatic symptoms. CONCLUSION: Anger management programs for children in multi-cultural families are necessary to help them lower anger levels and control types of unfavorable anger expression such as the anger-out-in type.
Anger* ; Child* ; Humans ; Mental Health*

PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to describe events resulting in perceived hurts in nursing, and to identify factors influencing forgiveness in clinical nurses. METHODS: The study was a descriptive correlation design. From May to July, 2009, the researcher used interviews to collect data from 148 clinical nurses from five hospitals in D city. RESULTS: Clinical nurses received perceived hurt from peer-nurses, care-givers, and doctors, and the reasons for the perceived hurts were blame, neglect, and valuation. Levels of forgiveness in clinical nurses were different according to who caused the perceived hurt, the degree of the perceived hurt, and endeavors to resolve the perceived hurts. Levels of forgiveness in clinical nurses were negatively correlated with age, degree of perceived hurt, and degree of anger expression, and positively correlated with degree of self-esteem. The strongest predictors of forgiveness in clinical nurses were degree of anger expression, age, and degree of hurt. CONCLUSION: The findings of the study suggest that nursing staff should be able to identify reasons for perceived hurt in clinical nurses and provide a forgiveness program for each nursing situation.
Anger ; Forgiveness ; Humans ; Nursing Staff

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify health promoting behaviors and the relationship between health promoting behaviors and state and trait anger in middle-aged men. METHOD: In this descriptive correlational study, the participants were 143 middle-aged men who lived in D city. Data were collected from November, 2004 to January. 2005. Personal interviews with a structured questionnaire were used. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and Pearson correlation coefficients with SPSS Win 11.0 program. RESULTS: The score for health promoting behavior in the middle-aged men was above the mean score, The highest dimension was self-actualization and the lowest dimension of health promoting behaviors was exercise. A significant negative correlation was found between health promoting behaviors and state anger in middle-aged men. But there was no significant correlation between health promoting behaviors and trait anger. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that state anger should be considered as an important factor when nurses develop educational programs to enhance health promoting behavior in middle-aged men.
Anger* ; Humans ; Male ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: Schizophrenic patients have been shown to be impaired in both emotional self-awareness and recognition of others' facial emotions. Alexithymia refers to the deficits in emotional self-awareness. The relationship between alexithymia and recognition of others' facial emotions needs to be explored to better understand the characteristics of emotional deficits in schizophrenic patients. METHODS: Thirty control subjects and 31 schizophrenic patients completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20-Korean version (TAS-20K) and facial emotion recognition task. The stimuli in facial emotion recognition task consist of 6 emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and neutral). Recognition accuracy was calculated within each emotion category. Correlations between TAS-20K and recognition accuracy were analyzed. RESULTS: The schizophrenic patients showed higher TAS-20K scores and lower recognition accuracy compared with the control subjects. The schizophrenic patients did not demonstrate any significant correlations between TAS-20K and recognition accuracy, unlike the control subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that, although schizophrenia may impair both emotional self-awareness and recognition of others' facial emotions, the degrees of deficit can be different between emotional self-awareness and recognition of others' facial emotions. This indicates that the emotional deficits in schizophrenia may assume more complex features.
Affective Symptoms ; Anger ; Humans ; Schizophrenia

OBJECTIVES: Patients with schizophrenia are reported to exhibited a reduced level of responsivity to highly arousing negative emotional pictures and to demonstrate a threatening bias to facial stimuli. The aim of this study was to investigate whether patients with schizophrenia show impaired and biased responsivity to threatening emotional words stimuli. METHODS: Eighteen subjects with schizophrenia (M=10, F=8) and 18 healthy controls (M=8, F=10) were involved in this study. Emotional words stimuli (happy, sad, fearful, angry, surprising, and disgusting words) were selected from a Korean affective words list (Kim et al., Unpublished). All subjects were asked to rate feelings elicited by emotional words, using the seven point Likert scale for each of the six basic emotions. RESULTS: Patients with schizophrenia displayed less emotional responsivity to disgusting and angry words as compared to healthy controls, while there were no significant differences in response to happy, sad, or fearful words. Emotional responsivity bias to disgust and happiness was observed in patients with schizophrenia. CONCLUSION: Patients with schizophrenia may show reduced responsivity to disgust and anger words stimuli and biased responsivity to disgust and happiness. These findings are in line with previous findings of reduced reactivity to highly arousing emotional picture stimuli, social threatening bias, and Pollyanna tendencird in schizophrenia.
Anger ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Happiness ; Humans ; Schizophrenia