Short stature is a common reason for referral to pediatric endocrinologists. Multiple factors, including genetic, prenatal, postnatal, and local environmental factors, can impair growth. The majority of children with short stature, which can be defined as a height less than 2 standard deviation score below the mean, are healthy. However, in some cases, they may have an underlying relevant disease; thus, the aim of clinical evaluation is to identify the subset of children with pathologic conditions, for example growth hormone deficiency or other hormonal abnormalities, Turner syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, or celiac disease. Prompt identification and management of these children can prevent excessive short stature in adulthood. In addition, a thorough clinical assessment may allow evaluation of the severity of short stature and likely growth trajectory to identify the most effective interventions. Consequently, appropriate diagnosis of short stature should be performed as early as possible and personalized treatment should be started in a timely manner. An increase in knowledge and widespread availability of genetic and epigenetic testing in clinical practice in recent years has empowered the diagnostic process and appropriate treatment for short stature. Furthermore, novel treatment approaches that can be used both as diagnostic tools and as therapeutic agents have been developed. This article reviews the diagnostic approach to children with short stature, discusses the main causes of short stature in children, and reports current therapeutic approaches and possible future treatments.

PURPOSE: The aim of study was to assess the value of recombinants in predicting the degree of symptoms in children with and without anaphylaxis to cow's milk. METHODS: The study included 79 children (70+/-40 months) referred to the Allergological Unit of the Pediatric Department between the years 2008-2012. Group A was composed of 17 children (78+/-49.6 months) with anaphylaxis after ingestion of milk. Group B was composed of 62 children (73.1+/-38.6 months) without a history of anaphylaxis, but with less severe symptoms (gastrointestinal and/or skin symptoms). All patients from Group B had a positive open challenge with cow's milk. All patients underwent an allergic evaluation and blood samples were collected to test for IgE to recombinans of milk (nBos d 4, 5, 8). RESULTS: A significant difference in nBos d 8 emerged with higher levels in Group A (median [IQR]=2.80 [0.91-16.1]) than B (0.65 [0.24-1.67]; P=0.006), whereas there were no statistically significant differences for nBos d 4 and 5. The recombinants' sum was higher in Group A than B: 8.39 [2.72-41.39] vs 3.04 [1.85-7.31] kUA/L; P=0.044. The recombinant nBos d 8 was superior to the other recombinants in identifying children at risk for anaphylaxis, with an area under the curve of 0.718 (95% CI, 0.57-0.86, P=0.006). Considering a cutoff of 1.8 kUA/L, nBos d 8 had the most favorable sensitivity and specificity ratio (sensitivity=0.65, specificity=0.77) with an odd ratio of 6.02 (95% C.I: 1.89-19.23). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested 2 phenotypes of allergic children, "high-anaphylaxis-risk" and "milder-risk". These types can be differentiated through measuring the level of IgE to nBos d 8.
Anaphylaxis ; Antibodies* ; Child* ; Eating ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Immunoglobulin E* ; Methods ; Milk* ; Phenotype ; Recombinant Proteins ; Skin