To establish the water dynamics model for drying process of Angelicae Sinensis Radix, the Weibull distribution model was applied to study the moisture ratio variation curves, and compared the drying rate and drying activation energy with the drying methods of temperature controllable air drying, infrared drying under different temperatures (50, 60, 70 degrees C). The Weibull distribution model could well describe the drying curves, for the moisture ratio vs. drying time profiled of the model showed high correlation (R2 = 0. 994-0. 999). The result proved that the drying process of Angelicae Sinensis Radix belonged to falling-rate drying period. For the drying process, the scale parameter (a) was related to the drying temperature, and decreased as the temperature increases. The shape parameter (β) for the same drying method, drying temperature had little impact on the shape parameter. The moisture diffusion coefficient increase along with temperature increasing from 0.425 x 10(-9) m2 x s(-1) to 2.260 x 10(-9) m2 x s(-1). The activation energy for moisture diffusion was 68.82, 29.60 kJ x mol(-1) by temperature controllable air drying and infrared drying, respectively. Therefore, the Weibull distribution model can be used to predict the moisture removal of Angelicae Sinensis Radix in the drying process, which is great significance for the drying process of prediction, control and process optimization. The results provide the technical basis for the use of modern drying technology for industrial drying of Angelicae Sinensis Radix.
Angelica sinensis ; chemistry ; Desiccation ; methods ; Models, Theoretical ; Water

The demand for Angelicae Sinensis Radix, the dry root of Angelica sinensis, has been increasing year by year. However, the continuous cropping obstacles, frequent occurrence of pests and diseases, overuse of chemical pesticides, excessive pesticide residues and other problems in Angelicae Sinensis Radix production have attracted much attention. In this paper, we summarized the common diseases and pests attacking Angelica sinensis as well as the detection methods and characteristics of pesticide residues in Angelicae Sinensis Radix from 2002 to 2021. Additionally, we compared the limit standards of pesticide residues in Angelicae Sinensis Radix in and out of China and put forward suggestions for the high-quality and green development of Angelicae Sinensis Radix industry conside-ring the existing problems. The pesticide residues in Angelicae Sinensis Radix have been changing from organochlorines to organophosphorus pesticides. In recent years, some organophosphorus pesticides such as phorate, phoxim, isofenphos-methyl, phorate-sulfoxide, fenamiphos, isocarbophos, omethoate, and triazophos in Angelicae Sinensis Radix have seriously exceeded the standards. The detection methods of pesticide residues has evolved from chromatography to high performance chromatography-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS), and some new detection techniques such as immunoassay have also been applied. Pesticide residues have become a primary factor that restricting the development of Angelicae Sinensis Radix industry. Therefore, moderate application of pesticides, establishment of ecological planting system, and strict limit standards of pesticide residues are necessary to solve the pesticide residue problem.
Angelica sinensis/chemistry* ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Organophosphorus Compounds ; Pesticide Residues ; Pesticides

AIMTo investigate the chemical components of Agelica sinensis.

METHODSChromatographic technologies were used for separation and purification, while spectral analysis was measured for structure elucidation.

RESULTSFive compounds were isolated and their structures were identified as Homosenkyunolide H (1), Homosenkyunolide I(2), Neoligustilide (3), 6-methoxycoumarin (4), Hypoxanthine-9-beta-D-ribofuranoside (5).

CONCLUSIONCompounds 1 and 2 are new compounds. Compounds 3, 4 and 5 were isolated from Agelica sinensis for the first time.

Angelica sinensis ; chemistry ; Benzofurans ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Conformation ; Molecular Structure ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Stereoisomerism

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents of Angelica sinensis.

METHODThe constituents were separated by chromatographic methods, and their structures were identified on the basis of spectroscopic analysis.

RESULTEight compounds were isolated and identified as levistolide A (1), senkyunolide O (2), (3Z, 3Z')-6.8', 7.3'-diligustilide (3), tokinolide B (4), isotokinolide B (5), (3'Z)-(3R, 8S, 3a'R, 6'S)-3, 3a': 8, 6'-biligustilide (6), E, E'-3. 3', 8. 8'-diligustilide (7) and E, E'-3. 3', 8. 8'-isodiligustilide (8), which are all diligustilides.

CONCLUSIONCompound 7 was obtained from the plant for the first time; compounds 6 and 8 are new compounds.

Angelica sinensis ; chemistry ; Benzofurans ; chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Molecular Structure

The drying process of different grades of Angelicae Sinensis Radix under low temperature and resurgence conditions was simulated based on the Weibull distribution function,in order to clarify the low-temperature moisture regain drying characteristics of different grades of Angelicae Sinensis Radix,and explore the effect of grade and drying conditions on the drying process of Angelicae Sinensis Radix. Research results indicated that the Weibull function can be used to simulate different grades of Angelicae Sinensis Radix low-temperature moisture regain drying process,and the lower the drying temperature,the smaller the grade,and the better the simulation effect. The grade and drying temperature showed a significant effect on the low-temperature moisture regain drying process of Angelicae Sinensis Radix,and the effect of temperature on the relative moisture regain rate of Angelicae Sinensis Radix was greater than the grade. The relative moisture regain rate of different grades of Angelicae Sinensis Radix at 40 ℃ was higher than 55 ℃,and the relative moisture regain rate at 40 ℃ was first class > second class > third class. After drying,the moisture ratio at 40 ℃ was lower than that at 55 ℃; the effect of the grade on the effective diffusion coefficient of dry water was greater than the temperature. Under different conditions of 40 ℃ and 55 ℃ moisture regain,the effective diffusion coefficient of water was between 2. 941 6×10^-6-7. 991 5×10^-6 and3. 093 8×10^-6-8. 483 8×10^-6 for different grades. Under the same temperature conditions,the effective diffusion coefficient of water was first class > second class > third class. Therefore,Weibull function can be used to study and simulate the drying characteristics of different grades of Angelicae Sinensis Radix under low-temperature moisture regain conditions,providing experimental basis for the improvement of traditional drying technology of Angelicae Sinensis Radix and the optimization of drying process of different specifications or grades of Angelicae Sinensis Radix.
Angelica sinensis/chemistry* ; Cold Temperature ; Desiccation ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Plant Roots/chemistry* ; Temperature

OBJECTIVETo develop a quick identification method for the sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Angelicae Sinensis Radix used by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with second derivative infrared spectroscopy.

METHODThe alcoholic and aqueous extracts of sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Angelicae Sinensis Radix were analyzed by using FTIR, the further analysis was used by second derivative infrared spectroscopy.

RESULTThere existed differences between their infrared spectra either extracted by ethanol or water, while the distinctions were more obvious after analyzing their alcoholic and aqueous extracts through high resolution of second derivative infrared spectroscopy. Infrared spectra showed that the absorption peaks of Angelicae Sinensis Radix were significantly reduced and a new absorption peak appeared after sulfur-fumigated process in alcoholic extracts, while both of them changed markedly in the "fingerprint region" ranging from 1 000 to 400 cm(-1) in aqueous extracts. Second derivative spectra showed that the absorption peaks of sulfur-fumigated Angelicae Sinensis Radix extracted by ethanol weakened and disappeared at about 3 578 cm(-1) and 3 541 cm(-1), while both of them differed significantly from each other ranging from 1 400 to 1 200 cm(-1) as well as 800 cm(-1) to 600 cm(-1), difference also existed between them extracted by water ranging from about 3 900 to 3 850 cm(-1) and 3 800 to 3 750 cm(-1).

CONCLUSIONThe FTIS method combined with second derivative can be utilized to distinguish sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Angelicae Sinensis Radix efficiently, conveniently and accurately, and provide a basis for identification and quality control of Angelicae Sinensis Radix.

Angelica sinensis ; chemistry ; classification ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared ; methods ; Sulfur ; chemistry ; Sunlight

OBJECTIVETo predict the shelf life of Chinese Angelica by investigating the stability of its active components.

METHODThe classic homeothermia method was used for forecast the shelf life, and HPLC was applied for quantitative determination of chemical compounds in Chinese Angelica.

RESULTThe correlation equations, thermal constant at ambient temperature (k(25 degrees C)) and shelf life (t(0.9)) for coniferyl ferulate and Z-Ligustilide were lgk = -5152. 1/T + 13.8 (r = 0.9985), 3. 33 x 10(-4), 13 d and lgk = -4064.6/T + 10.4 (r = 0.9997), 5.91 x 10(-4), 7 d, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe shelf life of Chinese Angelica has been established, which suggests that it is very important for ensuring the safety and efficacy of Chinese crude drug.

Angelica sinensis ; chemistry ; Drug Stability ; Drug Storage ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry

Angelicae Sinensis Radix, as a medicinal and edible Chinese medicinal herb, is widely used in clinical practice. It is mainly cultivated in Minxian, Tanchang, Zhangxian and Weiyuan counties of Gansu province. In recent years, with the comprehensive and in-depth study of Angelicae Sinensis Radix in China and abroad, its chemical composition, pharmacological effects and application and development have attracted much attention. In this study, the chemical composition, traditional efficacy, and modern pharmacological effects of Angelicae Sinensis Radix were summarized. On this basis, combined with the core concept of quality markers(Q-markers), the Q-markers of Angelicae Sinensis Radix were discussed from the aspects of mass transfer and traceability and chemical composition specificity, availability, and measurability, which provided scientific basis for the quality evaluation of Angelicae Sinensis Radix.
Angelica sinensis/chemistry* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Plant Roots/chemistry* ; China

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of continuous cropping obstacles on growth of Angelica sinensis.

METHODThe growth indexes, photosynthetic characteristic, activity of leaf protective enzymes, and the yield, essential oil content and extract content were determined.

RESULTContinuous cropping decreased the growth and the yield, essential oil content, extract content of A. sinensis. Photosynthetic pigment, which include Chla and Chlb, and photosynthetic rate of A. sinensis leaves decreased. Activity of leaf SOD, POD and CAT were also inhibited. The content of proline, soluble sugar and MDA increased.

CONCLUSIONThrough decreasing the activity of protective enzymes and their ability of cleaning free radical, continuous cropping made free radical remain in plant so that induced membrane lipid peroxidization, electrolytic leakage became heavier, content of proline and soluble sugar increased. The external manifestation of this influences were that plant growth was inhibited, content of photosynthetic pigments decreased, so did the intensity of photosynthesis and respiration, content of dry mass.

Agriculture ; methods ; Angelica sinensis ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Biomass ; Pigments, Biological ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo compare and classify the samples of Angelica sinensis from 36 different areas in Gansu province.

METHODThe HPLC was used to detect samples, and the computer aided similarity evaluation was used to analyze the fingerprints. Similarity combined with principal component analysis (PCA) and multidimensional pattern recognition of Euclidean distance were used to compare and classify the samples of A. sinensis in different areas.

RESULTIt was found that the quality of A. sinensis is closely related to the growth environment.

CONCLUSIONThis method could be used to classify the samples of A. sinensis from a variety of sources.

Angelica sinensis ; chemistry ; classification ; China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Plant Extracts ; analysis