Background: Salmonellosis is one of the most reported bacterial foodborne illnesses worldwide. Salmonella outbreaks are also prevalent in the Philippines, with egg-containing food and feces of chicken as implicated sources. The presence of Salmonella in eggshells and in egg content poses a significant threat to public health. Hence, this study aimed to determine the presence of S. enterica from different parts of chicken eggs sold in a public market in the City of Manila. Methodology: A descriptive study design was employed to detect the presence of Salmonella spp. in different parts of retail chicken eggs. A total of 72 egg samples from 24 stalls were included. The methodology for isolation and identification of Salmonella followed the guidelines set by the US Food and Drug Administration as seen in the Bacteriological Analytical Manual with some additions and modifications. Results: Contaminated eggs were found in 21 (87%) of the 24 stalls. A total of 29 (40%) out of 72 eggs were identified as the source of putative Salmonella isolates. Nineteen (66%) eggs had putative Salmonella isolates from the eggshell, while 7 (24%) had putative Salmonella isolates from the egg content. There were three (10%) eggs with both eggshell and egg content possibly contaminated with Salmonella. Conclusion The presence of putative Salmonella and Enterobacteriaceae highlight the need to strengthen food safety at the production and distribution levels of retail chicken eggs. There is also a need to establish a national surveillance system along with strengthened diagnostic capacity for S. enterica in the Philippines.
Salmonella

Background: The use of 3D printing in medical education, prosthetics, and preoperative planning requires dimensional accuracy of the models compared to the replicated tissues or organs. Objective. To determine the dimensional accuracy of 3D-printed models replicated from metacarpal bones from cadavers. Methods: Fifty-two models were 3D-printed using fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and binder jetting method from 13 right first metacarpal bones of cadavers from the College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila. Six dimensional parameters of the 3D-printed models and their control bones were measured using 0.01 mm calipers — length, midshaft diameter, base width, base height, head width, and head height. Mean measurements were compared using non-inferiority testing and multidimensional scaling. Results: Mean measurements of the 3D-printed models were slightly larger than their control bones (standard deviation range: 1.219-4.264; standard error range, 0.338-1.183). All models were found to be at least 90% accurate and statistically non-inferior compared to control bones. DLP-printed models were the most accurate (base width, 99.62 %) and most similar to their control bone (–0.05, 90% CI –0.34, 0.24). Through multidimensional scaling, DLP-printed models (coordinate = 0.437) were the most similar to the control bone (coordinate = 0.899). Conclusion The 3D-printed models are dimensionally accurate when compared to bones.
Stereolithography ; Dimensional Measurement Accuracy ; Printing, Three-Dimensional