No abstract available.
Abscess/diagnosis/*microbiology/therapy ; Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Biopsy, Needle/*adverse effects ; Drainage ; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/diagnosis/*microbiology/therapy ; Humans ; Image-Guided Biopsy/*adverse effects ; Lung/*pathology/radiography ; Male ; Peptostreptococcus/*isolation & purification ; Thoracic Wall/*microbiology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Treatment Outcome

How Th2 immunity develops in vivo remains obscure. Basophils have been considered key innate cells producing IL-4, a cytokine essential for Th2 immunity. Increasing evidence suggests that basophils are dispensable for the initiation of Th2 immunity. In this study, we revisited the role of basophils in Th2 immune responses induced by various types of adjuvants. Mice deficient in IL-3 or IL-3 receptor, in which basophil lymph node recruitment is completely abolished, fully developed wild type level Th2 CD4 T cell responses in response to parasite antigen or papain immunization. Similar finding was also observed in mice where basophils are inducibly ablated. Interestingly, IL-4-derived from non-T cells appeared to be critical for the generation of IL-4-producing CD4 T cells. Other Th2 promoting factors including IL-25 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) were dispensable. Therefore, our results suggest that IL-3- and basophil-independent in vivo Th2 immunity develops with the help of non-T cell-derived IL-4, offering an additional mechanism by which Th2 type immune responses arise in vivo.
Animals ; Basophils ; Immunization ; Interleukin-3 ; Interleukin-4* ; Lymph Nodes ; Mice ; Papain ; Parasites ; Receptors, Interleukin-3 ; T-Lymphocytes