This paper is to report the development of a rapid and sensitive method for the determination of s-oleylpropanolamide (OPA) in various tissues of rat (brain, heart, lung, liver, spleen, small intestine, kidney, adipose tissue and muscle), and to assess the applicability of the assay to tissue distribution. OPA was extracted by liquid-liquid extraction method with undecylenoylethanolamide as an internal standard. The concentrations of OPA were determined by LC-MS/MS after a single intragastric dose of 50 mg x kg(-1) at 4 time points (5 rats per group). With multiple reactions monitoring mode (MRM) the limit of quantification (LLOQ) was determined at 1 microg x L(-1). The calibration curve was linear from 1 to 2 x 104 microg x L(-1) (r > or = 0.999 0) for tissue homogenates. Validation parameters such as accuracy, precision and recovery were found to be within the acceptance criteria of the assay validation guidelines. The highest concentration was found in small intestine (the highest time point is 15 min) and heart (the highest time point is 90 min). The assay is rapid, sensitive and applicable to studying tissue distribution of OPA in rats.

Objective To explore the distribution of age,reasons for treatment,risk factors,and causes of vulvovaginitis in prepubertal girls.Methods A total of 4 214 prepubertal girls with vulvovaginitis who were admitted to the Girl's Sub-department,Zhongshan Boai Hospital from January 2010 to June 2013 was reviewed retrospectively.All clinical data were from medical records with files.Results Atotalof1 587 patients (37.7％) was0to1 years old,954 (22.6％) ＞ 1 to3 years old,1 289 (30.6％) ＞ 3 to 7 years old,and 384 (9.1％) ＞ 7 years old.Many risk factors were associated with vaginitis,including poor hygiene (2 924 girls; 69.4％),allergies and exposure to allergens (875 girls; 20.8％).Most common reason for treatment was a referral from physical examination accounting for 919 girls (21.8％),followed by vaginal secretions 812 girls (19.3％).The causes of vulvovaginitis of all patients were evaluated,1 771 of which (42.0％) were nonspecific vulvovaginitis,1 309 (31.1％) labial adhesions,375 (8.9％) bacterial vulvovaginitis,266 (6.3％) allergic vulvovaginitis,and 266 (6.3％) affective leg rubbing action.Conclusions Prepubertal vulvovaginitis occurred mainly in infancy and preschool.Floating population was common.They were caused by many risk factors including poor hygiene,allergies,poor urination habits,etc.The most common causes of vulvovaginitis were nonspecific vulvovaginitis and labia adhesion,yet allergies and affective leg rubbing action were the more common causes of recurrent vulvovaginitis.We propose that focusing on girls' reproductive health,timely treating allergic and crossing rub legs and other diseases would help reduce the prevalence of vulvovaginitis in the prepubertal girls.

Objective:To understand outcome of heroin addicts after abstinence and analyze the factors related to relapse. Methods:A follow-up of 149 heroin addicts in a correction camp was carried out at 6th months after their discharge. Demographic characteristics, clinical features, addiction severity and psychiatric comorbidity were compared between those who relapsed and those who remained abstinent. Results: 22.8% of the subjects were abstinent, 46.3% relapsed, 29.5% in probation or in treatment,1.3% died. Relapse was related to the presence of drug addiction in family members, lack of abstinence intention, antisocial personality disorder, lack of rehabilitation therapy, intravenous heroin use and ASI scores in heroin abuse, composite family/social and legal factors. Conclusion:The outcome of heroin dependence after correction was poor. Relapse was related to family environment, abstinence intention, the heroin addiction severity,antisocial personality disorder.

Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS),also known as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH),is a syndrome with multiple clinical manifestations and severe impairment of organ function caused by abnormal activation of lymphocytes and histiocytes leading to hypercytokinemia.The pathogenesis of this disease is very complicated.So far,it can not be fully clarified.Studies have shown that activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathway can activate inflammatory factor-related gene transcription,which can cause inflammatory factor cascade reaction,and ultimately lead to the occurrence of hemophagocytic syndrome.In recent years,a series of targeted drugs for JAK-STAT pathway have been developed.A JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor,ruxolitinib,has been found to be useful in the treatment of HLH.This article reviews the mechanism of action of ruxolitinib in HLH and its clinical research results.

INTRODUCTIONThe risk of lower extremity amputations (LEAs) in diabetics is 20 times higher than in non-diabetics. Clinical practice guidelines recommend that all diabetics should receive an annual foot examination to identify high-risk foot conditions. Despite this recommendation, there is little evidence in the literature to show its effectiveness in preventing LEA. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of diabetes foot screening in primary care in preventing LEA and to identify LEA risk factors.

MATERIALS AND METHODSThis is a retrospective cohort study of diabetic patients who visited the National Healthcare Group Polyclinics for the first time from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2012. The intervention of interest was foot screening performed at least once during 2 years of follow-up, and the outcome of interest was LEA (major and/or minor) performed during 2 years of follow-up. Patients who did foot screening (n=8150) were compared to a propensity score matched control group (n=8150) who did not do foot screening. Logistics regression was done to identify factors associated with LEA.

RESULTSAmong those who underwent foot screening, there were 2 (0.02%) major amputations and 15 (0.18%) minor amputations compared with 42 (0.52%) and 52 (0.64%) among those who did not (<0.001).

CONCLUSIONLack of diabetes foot screening, lower socioeconomic status, hip fracture, Malay ethnicity, chronic kidney disease, poorer glycaemic control, longer diabetes duration and male gender have been found to be associated with a higher risk of LEA.

BACKGROUND: Both hydroxyapatite (HA) and large diameter TiO2 nanotubes have excellent biocompatibility, but bone-forming ability of nano-HA (nHA) deposited large diameter TiO2 nanotubes is rarely reported.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the bone-forming ability of nHA/large-diameter TiO2 nanotube composite coating.METHODS: Large-diameter TiO2 nanotubes were prepared by anodic oxidation method, and then nHA was electrochemically deposited on the surface of TiO2 nanotubes. Preosteoblasts MC3T3-E1 were co-cultured with the nHA/large diameter TiO2 nanotube composite, pure titanium and TiO2 nanotube coatings, respectively. At 0.5, 1, 2 hours after culture, the initial cell adhesion was observed. At 1, 3, 5 day after culture, cell proliferation was assessed. At 2 days after culture, cell morphology was observed. At 3 and 7 days after osteogenic induction, intracellular alkaline phosphatase activity was detected. At 14 days after osteogenic induction, mineralization of extracellular matrix was detected.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) After 2 hours of culture, the number of adherent cells on the composite coating was significantly lower than that on the TiO2 nanotube coating (P < 0.05), but slightly higher than that on the pure titanium coating with no statistical difference. (2) After 1, 3, 5 days of culture, the cell proliferation on the composite coating was significantly lower than that on the TiO2 nanotube coating (P < 0.05), but slightly higher than that on the pure titanium with no statistical difference. (3) The cells on the pure titanium showed a spindle-shape, while those on the TiO2 nanotube coating processed filopodia. The cells on the composite coating showed polygonal shape with a larger number of filopodia. (4) The intracellular alkaline phosphatase activity of the composite coating group was significantly higher than that of the pure titanium group and TiO2 nanotube group. The trend of mineralization of extracellular matrix was ranked from high to low: the composite coating group > TiO2 nanotube group > pure titanium group. To conclude, the nHA/large diameter TiO2 nanotube composite coating not only has good biocompatibility, but also has the ideal ability to promote bone formation.

Objective Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a typical type Ⅲ hypersensitivity with a large number of immune complexes (IC) and complement deposits in the synovial tissue , but its specific pathogenesis is not yet clear.This article was to explore the expression of the antigenic profile of serum ICs in RA.Methods ICs were isolated from the serum of 55 patients with RA (41 cases of anti-CCP antibody [+] and 14 cases of anti-CCP antibody [-]), 41 with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and another 41 healthy controls by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, separated by immunoprecipitation, digested with trypsin in gel, and then subjected to mass spectrometry for identification.The levels of total proteins were compared among different groups using Vennny 2.1.0.The protein expression was considered to be up-regulated when the total protein level of the RA group was >2 times and down-regulated when it was <0.5 times that of the control.Further functional analysis was performed on the differential proteins in RA using the STRING software.Results Totally, 277 proteins were identified in the serum ICs of the RA patients, including 162 in the anti-CCP (+) and 248 in the anti-CCP (-) RA group.Compared with the SLE and healthy control groups, only 129 proteins were found in the RA patients, including 38 in the anti-CCP (+), 109 in the anti-CCP (-) RA group, and 18 in both the two groups.Among the proteins identified in the RA patients and healthy controls, 2 and 11 were up-regulated while 17 and 21 down-regulated in the anti-CCP (+) and anti-CCP (-) RA group, respectively.Conclusion More differentially expressed proteins were identified in the anti-CCP (-) than in the anti-CCP (+) RA patients.The identification of differentially expressed proteins provides a new idea and direction for the investigation of the pathogenesis and new biomarkers of RA.

Objective To analyze the five years change of bacterial infection adn drug resistance in PICU and to provide evidence for use of na tibiotics rationally.Methods Al the pathoeg nic bacteria from patients in PICU of our hospital from January 1 2009 to Deec mber 31 2013 were analyzed retrospectiev ly. T hey were divided into five subgroups according to differetn years.Pathogenic batc eria and drug resistance in different years wre e collected na d the changes of such bacterial infection and drug resistance were compared and summarized.Results A total of 2 201 pathogenic bacterial strains were isolated from 14 361 specimens of five-year patients in PICU.The rate of gram negative bacteria in 2009 to 2013 were 83.2%,71.0%, 59.8%,58.9%, 52.5% respe ctively.The rate of gram positive bacteria in 2009 to 2013 were 16.8%, 29.0%,40.2%, 41.1%, 47.5% respectively.Top five pathogenic bacteria were staphylocco cus aureus (16.6%,366 strains),Escherichia coli (16.2%,357 strains),klebsiella pnue moniae (15.2%,334 strains), streptococ us pneumoniae (9.2%,202 strains),haemophilus influenzae (6.8%,149 strains).The infection rate of staphylococcus aureus increased year by year(6.4% to 27.0%).Drug sensitivity tets indicated that the rate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases ( ESBL) positive escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae were 28.3%and 38.3%,respectivle y.The rate of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA) was 26.0%.Based on non-meningitis criterion,rate of penicillin resistance streptococcus pneumonia and multiple-drugresistance streptococcus pneumonia was 19.3%and 58.9%,respectively.There were no obvious changes in resistance rate of above-mentioned bacteria during the recent five years.Conclusion In the recent five years,gram negative bacteria is still the prevalent strain in PICU of our hospital,however the rate of gram positive bacteria increases year by year and staphylococcus aureus has become one of the five most common bacteria.The rate of ESBL positive escherichia coli,ESBL positive klebsiella pneumonia and MRSA has no obvious changes.Analysis of pathogenic bacteria and drug-resistance surveillance are of vital importance to guide treatments for critically ill patients and reduce drug-resistant bacterial strains.

Hkmophagocetic sendromk,which also is callkd hkmophagocetic lemphohistiocetosis( HFH),is a rapidle progrkssivk and lifk-thrkatkning hkmatological sestkm diskasks. Thk tepical fkaturks of thk diskask is thk kxck-ssivk activation of thk inflammatore rksponsk,mainle pkrformanck that a lot of kxckssivk activation CD8+ T cklls and macrophagks filtratkd in tissuks and organs,which can produck largk amounts of cetocinks,such as intkrfkron-γ,tumor nkcrosis factor-α,intkrlkucin-6 and intkrlkucin-18,and which kvkntualle lkd to thk inflammatore cetocinks storm and tissuk damagk. Llthough,HFH is a bknign histiocetic diskask,it can progrkss quiccle,its clinical manifkstations ark divkrsk,with high mortalite ratk. In rkcknt ekars,thk rkskarch of HFH pathogknksis and trkatmknt has bkkn wkll-rk-skarchkd bkfork. Thk latkst pathogknksis and trkatmknt ark summarizkd in this articlk.