PURPOSE: This study was to explore the effects of breast cancer education for college students on their mother's breast cancer screening promotion. METHODS: This study used a one-group pretest and posttest design. Data were collected from September to November, 2007 from a sample of 80 college students and their mothers using a survey questionnaire, which asked about demographic variables, concerns over health and breast cancer, communication, stage of change and attitude (pros and cons) related to breast cancer, and confidence in breast self-examination. The college students received education about breast cancer for 50 minutes and then they educated their mothers about breast cancer. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and paired t-test. RESULTS: The mean age of the college students was 22.0 years, and that of their mothers 49.4 years with a range from 43 to 58 years. After receiving education on breast cancer, there were significant changes in the mean scores of concerns about health and breast cancer, communication, pros in mammography, and confidence in practicing breast self-examination. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that education on breast cancer to mothers through their college-age daughters is effective and can be utilized to promote breast cancer screening for women.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast Self-Examination ; Breast* ; Education ; Female ; Health Education* ; Humans ; Mammography ; Mass Screening* ; Mothers ; Nuclear Family ; Students, Nursing ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective To evaluate the effect and clinical value of open surgery combined ultrasound-guided Mammotome in the treatment of multiple breast lumps. Methods Four hundred and forty-four patients in our hospital from Jan. 2006 to Jun. 2008 were divided into 3 groups, who underwent classical open surgery, ultrasound-guided Mammotome operation, or combined therapy respectively and followed by post-operation visits reguarly. The operation effects were compared between the 3 groups. Results Compared with the classical open surgery, combined therapy had no difference in time of procedure and procedural bleeding, but had lower incidence of local skin, better incision condition and higher satisfaction of patients. Compared with ultrasound-guided Mammotome operation, combined therapy took less time in procedure, and in the same time had less procedural bleeding, lower post-operation complication and higher patients satisfaction. Conclusions Combined therapy has high complete removal rate, low post-operation complication as well as cosmetic effect. It has special advantages over the other two kinds of surgery, so it has wide clinical application.

Objective To summarize and explore the clinical value of Mammotome technology in the diagnosis and treatment of breast neoplasms. Methods Nine hundred and eighty-seven breast neoplasms of 710patients were biopsied and excised with the aid of ultrasound-guided Mammotome system. The malignant neoplasms,according to the histological report,were radically removed during the operation without delay. All patients enrolled into the study were followed up closely on the complcations and satisfaction degree. Results All the operations except one were successful and got the sufficient specimen to perform the pathological examination,the biopsy achievement rate was 99. 8% . Both the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnosis were 100% in 16 breast tumors. Complete resection rate was 99%. The incision length was about 3 mm,showing good cosmetic outcome. Complcations were mild,mainly composed of haematoma and ecchymosis. The patients' general satisfactory rate was 93%. Conclusions This technique can help achieve biopsy of breast neplasm and excision of benign lesions at the same time with cosmetic result Further attention should be paid to reduce the lesion residue and hemorrhagic complications.

Accurate and prompt diagnosis in patients with scrotal lesions remains a challenge to both urologists and radiologists. Recently scrotal micro-ultrasonography using small parts real time scanner has been used to assess these patients. Herein we examined the effectiveness of diagnostic ultrasound in 43 patients with scrotal lesions. The results were as follows: l. Out of total 43 patients, 37 were unilateral and 6 were bilateral scrotal lesions. Total 49 cases` were examined. 2. Of 5 cases with acute scrotum, ultrasonography detected 4 cases with acute epididymitis and one case with spermatic cord torsion. 3. Of 32 cases with subacute scrotal mass, surgical exploration was done in 19 cases. 18 cases were same as postoperative diagnosis (94.7 % accuracy). One case with sperm granuloma was confirmed to epididymal hematoma by exploration. 4. Of 6 cases with testicular trauma 2 had testicular rupture, 3 had testicular contusion and one revealed testicular atrophy after previous orchiopexy. 5. Accurately localized the site of testis in 3 out of 6 impalpable, undescended testis. We conclude that scrotal ultrasound is a quick noninvasive, easily applied and accurate method to diagnose various scrotal pathologic conditions. But it should be confirmed by exploration whenever ultrasonic diagnosis is in doubt or not compatible with clinical findings.
Atrophy ; Contusions ; Cryptorchidism ; Diagnosis ; Epididymitis ; Granuloma ; Hematoma ; Humans ; Male ; Orchiopexy ; Rupture ; Scrotum ; Spermatic Cord Torsion ; Spermatozoa ; Testis ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the knowledge of, attitude toward, and intention to use Emergency Contraceptive Pills (ECPs) and their relationships among Korean high school girls. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional correlational survey. Data were collected from 191 high school girls by self-report questionnaires from December 10 to 22, 2008. Result: The mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and intention were 4.74 (range 1 to 12), 2.60 (range 1 to 5), and 3.36 (range 1 to 5) respectively. Only 45% of participants had received education on ECPs and most respondents (77.5%) wanted to know more about it. Participants who had a more positive attitude toward ECPs had a greater intention to use it. Participants who had received education on ECPs had more knowledge than those who had not received education. However, there were no differences in attitude or intention between groups. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that efforts should be made to provide education on ECPs to high school girls to increase awareness and to minimize the misuse of ECPs. Also, educational programs should be designed to improve knowledge as well as promote a more positive attitude toward ECPs.
Adolescent ; Contraception ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Intention ; Korea ; Surveys and Questionnaires

To minimize morbidity arising from airway management related to anesthesia, the anesthesiologist performs a through history and physical examination and approaches all patients with well-through-out plans for various eventualities. Numerous anatomic and pathologic abnormalities may lead to difficult tracheal intubation. Failed tracheal intubation is frustrating, increase the risk of pulmonary aspiration, and may contribute to organ ischemia and then it imminently endangers the patients life and necessitates invasive approaches to ventilation. Use of the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope has become an essential skill for anesthesiologists confronted with anatomic or physiologic abnormalities of the upper airway. The widespread availability of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope has allowed anesthesiologists to use fiberoptic techniques eariler in airway instrumentation and, thereby, avoid failed intubation and trauma to the airway. This review will focus on practical information that will aid in successful utilization of fiberoptic bronchoscope.
Airway Management ; Anesthesia ; Bronchoscopes ; Humans ; Intubation ; Ischemia ; Physical Examination ; Ventilation

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a new surgical procedure which worldwidely applicated gallstone disease and is presenting now anesthetic challenges. The advantages of laparoscopic cholecystectomy are shorter hospital stay, more rapid retum to normal activies and less postoperative ileus, compared with open laparotomy. During the laparoscopic surgery to enable visualization of abdominal structures, pneumoperitoneum is made with CO2 insufflation but insufflation of CO2 into abdominal cavity has been reported several consequences. Hypercarbia, high peak airway pressure, cardiac arrhythmia which were all may result from CO2 insufflation. Also, increased intraabdominal pressure from the induced pneumoperitoneum can cause decreased venous return and may result in hypotension. To ascertain the cardiopulmonary effcts of the increased intraabdominal pressure by CO2 insufflation, a clinical study was performed in 80 patients who divided into four groups likes as control group (open cholecystectomy, number:No=20), group I (15 mmHg of pressure of pneumoperitoneum, No=20), group II (20 mmHg, No=20), group III (25 mmHg, No=20). We investigated the effect of CO2 insufflation to mean arterial pressure, heart rate, end-tidal CO2 partial pressure, mean airway pressure, and arterial blood gas components. The measurements were obtained from the time of skin incision(basic value) to 20 min every 5 min interval in all groups. The results are following, I. Mean arterial pressure significantly began to increase (p<0.05) at post-incision 5 min in control, group IIl & at 10 min in group I, II compared with pre-incision value(basic value), but there were no difference between control and other study groups. II. Heart rate(HR) significantly began to differ (p<0.05) at post-incision 5 min in group II, III. compared with control group. Also HR significantly began to increase (p<0.05) at post-incision 5 min in control, group III & to decrease at post-incision 15 min in group compared with basic value. III. There were significant difference in pH between control and study groups, pH change were in normal ranges clinically. PaCO2 was significantly began to decrease (p<0.05) at post-incision 5 min in study groups compared with basic value, but still in normal acceptable ranges. IV. PaCO2 significantly began to increase (p<0.05) at post-incision 10 min in group II & at 15 min in group IIl compared with control group. Also PaCO2 significantly began to increase (p<0.05) at 5 min in group I, II & at 10 min in group III compared with basic value. V. PETCO2 significantly began to increase (p<0.05) at 10 min in group II & at 15 min in group III compared with control group. Also PETCO2 significantly began to increase (p<0.05) at 10 min in group I,II,III compared with basic value. VI. PAW significantly began to increase (p<0.05) at 10 min in group I,II,III compared with basic value. Conclusively, insufflation of CO2 into abdominal cavity during laparoscopic operation was minimal change in cardiopulmonary system and arterial blood gas value at below 20 mmHg intraabdominal pressure.
Abdominal Cavity ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Arterial Pressure ; Cholecystectomy ; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic* ; Gallstones ; Heart ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hypotension ; Ileus ; Insufflation ; Laparoscopy ; Laparotomy ; Length of Stay ; Partial Pressure ; Pneumoperitoneum ; Reference Values ; Skin

This work was done for 9 patients having experience of a herb medical treatment after being diagnosed as CVA during a year from January, 1996 to December, 1996 by using an ethnographic research method. The summarized result of this research are following. I. The Experience of The Illness. First, the falling-ill phase is the time that they have the first stork of paralysis and the decision pattern of medical institution' comes out. The emotional experience in the period is something like 'frustration', 'anxiety', 'despair', and 'expectation'. Second, the active-treatment phase is the time that the patients as well as their family or care giver not only show the positive attitude and actively participate in the illness treatment but also show a lot of interest in medical institutions and activities of health recovery. There is a primary factor of the continuation of treatment as an experience of treatment and being crushed and sensitivity as an experience of the illness. Third, the rehabilitation phase is the time that the patients or their family become tired and insensitive to the treatment and recuperation, and then reduce the treatment activity. There is a primary in fluence factor of the discontinuance of treatment as an experience of treatment and physical experience and emotional experience as an experience as an experience of the illness. The physical experience is divided into 'personal-hygiene care', and 'the sphere of activity'. The emotional experiences are 'blaming someone', 'contempt' and 'despair' as a negative experience and 'hope' as a positive experience. II. Coping Strategy. There are a physical coping, an emotional and mental coping, a coping, a social coping, and a spiritual coping as a coping strategy used for the patients to overcome their illness and adjust themselves to their altered life. First, the physical coping comes out as 8 categories, 'using and auxiliary tool', 'doing exercise', 'protecting', 'improving their diet', 'taking care of something', 'using subsidiary medicines', 'trying a folk remedy', and 'having interest in their health'. Second, for the emotional and mental coping, there are 'accepting' and 'trying' as a positive coping and a failure of control as a negative coping. Third, the social coping is appeared as 'being supported'. Fourth, the spiritual coping is recognized as 'recourse to God' and 'preparation of death'. After all, the elderly CVA patients in a agricultural area choose the act of treatment based on the traditional belief and the relationship with a caretaker. A personal health can be maintained by taking care of themselves and controling their mind, and the overcome of the illness is decided on the basis of traditional concepts and cultural principles in which the patients as well as the family, neighbors and take care should work out together and cooperate with each other in order to achieve that.
Aged ; Caregivers ; Humans ; Paralysis ; Rehabilitation

PURPOSE: A Phenomenological study was conducted to investigate the experiences of infertile women who had an unsuccessful in vitro fertilization (IVF) attempt and the structure of these experiences was identified in a socio-cultural context. METHOD: In-depth interviews were done with five participants from Nov. 1997 to Feb. 1998. Data was recorded and analyzed by Colazzi's method. RESULT: Significant statements were extracted from the data resulting in 4 themes and 11 concepts. The concepts were: 'lack of information', 'unable to anticipate the outcome', 'reaffirmation of need', 'financial strain', 'emotional suppression', 'change of social relationships', 'physical fatigue', 'blaming oneself or God', 'trying different ways', 'famous place shopping', and 'praying to God'. The significant themes of the participants' experiences with IVF emerged as: "uncertainty", "burden", "blaming" and "vigorous desire". CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the care of infertile women with an unsuccessful IVF attempt should be based on a deep understanding of their personal experiences. Also, information on alternative choices should be offered and supported.
Female ; Fertilization in Vitro* ; Humans ; Infertility ; Life Change Events

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to identify the correlation that exists between quality of life and self-efficacy of schizophrenic patients, focusing on the influence of related factors on these varables. METHOD: The subjects of this study were 151 schizophrenic patients. The data were collected using questionnaires. The instruments used for this study were the general self-efficacy scale developed by Sherer & Maddex (1982), the specific self-efficacy scale modified and complemented by these co-researchers on the basis of the past studies and modified SIP by Voruganti (1996). The period of data collection was from July. 2000 to Jan. 2001. Data analysis was done by SPSS, t-test, ANOVA and the Pearson Correlation Coefficient. RESULT: 1. The level of self-efficacy showed a mean score of 60.0 and the level of quality of life, a mean score of 47.0. 2. The general characteristics affecting the self-efficacy of schizophrenic patients were staying with family (p=0.05) and employment (p=0.00). 3. The general characteristics affecting the quality of life of schizophrenic patients were staying with family (p=0.04), employment (p=0.05) and duration of illness (0.03). 4. A positive correlation was identified between self-efficacy and quality of life (r=-0.469, p=0.000). CONCLUSION: The study suggests that nursing intervention strategy should be worked out to develop a psychiatric rehabilitation program that can promote self-efficacy and thus enhance the quality of life of schizophrenic patients.
Complement System Proteins ; Data Collection ; Employment ; Humans ; Nursing ; Quality of Life* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Rehabilitation ; Schizophrenia ; Statistics as Topic