In this study, rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry(REIMS) fingerprints of 388 samples of roots of Pulsatilla chinensis(PC) and its common counterfeits, roots of P. cernua and roots of Anemone tomentosa were analyzed based on REIMS combined with machine learning. The samples were determined by REIMS through dry burning, and the REIMS data underwent cluster analysis, similarity analysis(SA), and principal component analysis(PCA). After dimensionality reduction by PCA, the data were analyzed by similarity analysis and self-organizating map(SOM), followed by modeling. The results indicated that the REIMS fingerprints of the samples showed the characteristics of variety differences and the SOM model could accurately distinguish PC, P. cernua, and A. tomentosa. REIMS combined with machine learning algorithm has a broad application prospect in the field of traditional Chinese medicine.
Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Algorithms ; Anemone ; Machine Learning

Anemone is an important genus which was distributed widely and used to folk medicines in China. It is rich of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins,and more than 100 kinds of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins had been isolated and identified. Anemone has been used to treat punch injury and rheumatoid arthritis. This article reviews the latest research progress of Anemone decoction from two aspects: chemical constituents and pharmacological. It will provide reference for further research and development of Anemone.
Anemone ; chemistry ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Phytochemicals ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Saponins ; pharmacology ; Triterpenes ; pharmacology

AIMTo investigate the chemical constituents of the rhizome of Anemone raddeana Regel, so as to find new active compounds.

METHODSThe ethanol extracts of the rhizome of Anemone raddeana were obtained by silica column, HPLC. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by means of physico-chemical method and spectral analysis (IR, FAB-MS, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, DEPT, 1H-1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC).

RESULTSNine compounds were isolated and identified as 27-hydroxyolean-12(13)-en-28-oic acid-3-0-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside (1), eleutheroside K (2), Oleanolic acid-3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[beta-D- glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)]-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside (3), betulin (4), betulic acid (5), acetyloleamolic acid (6), evonymitol (7), oleamolic acid (8) and diosgenin (9).

CONCLUSIONCompound 1 is a new compound, named raddeanoside 12. Compounds 3-7 were isolated from this plant for the first time.

Anemone ; chemistry ; Eleutherococcus ; Molecular Structure ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Saponins ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Triterpenes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

AIMTo identify the commercial drugs collected from 11 different areas with name of "Baitouweng", in order to understand the homonym status of Baitouweng in markets.

METHODSBased on macroscopic identification, we further studied the microscopic structures of the collected samples by digital imaging technique.

RESULTSNine species belong to 4 different families have been found out from the commercial drugs of "Baitouweng". There are the roots of Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel (recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia with name "Baitouweng"), P. cernua (Thunb.) Bercht et Opiz, P. turczaninovii Kryl. et Serg., P. dahurica (Fisch.) Spreng., Anemone tomentosa (Maxim.) Pei, Rhaponticum uniflorum (L.) DC. and the herbs of Potentilla chinensis Ser., Po. discolor Beg. and Polycarpaea corymbosa Lam..

CONCLUSIONThe original plants of the crude drug "Baitouweng" were still promiscuous in the market because there are different medicinal usages in different areas resulting in the phenomenon of homonym for Baitouweng. Otherwise, the digital photographs offered by the paper visually reflected the main microscopic characteristics of the commercial "Baitouweng", can be used for the identification of the above drugs.

Anemone ; anatomy & histology ; cytology ; Drug Contamination ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; methods ; Pharmacognosy ; Plant Roots ; anatomy & histology ; cytology ; Plants, Medicinal ; anatomy & histology ; cytology ; Potentilla ; anatomy & histology ; cytology ; Pulsatilla ; anatomy & histology ; cytology ; Quality Control ; Species Specificity

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents from Anemone flaccida.

METHODChemical constituents were isolated by repeated column chromatography (silica gel, Toyopearl HW-40C and preparative HPLC). The structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data analysis.

RESULTTwelve triterpenes were isolated and their structures were identified as follow: oleanolic acid (1), oleanolic acid 3-O-beta-D-glccopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-xylopyranoside (2), eleutheroside K (3), oleanolic acid 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-xylopyranoside (4), oleanolic acid 3-O-beta-D-glccopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinofurnoside (5), oleanolic acid 3-O-beta-D-glccuronopyranose (6), oleanolic acid 3-O-beta-D-glccuronopyranose methyl ester (7), oleanolic acid 28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl(1-->4)-beta-D-glccopyranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-glccopyranosyl (8), oleanolic acid 3-O-beta-D-glccuronopyranose 28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->4)-beta-D-glccopyranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-glccopyranoside (9), oleanolic acid 3-O-beta-D-glccopyranosyl methyl ester 28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->4)-beta-D-glccopyranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-glccopyranoside (10), oleanolic acid 3-O-beta-D-glccopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->4)-beta-D-glccopyranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-glccopyranoside (11), oleanolic acid 3-O-alpha-L-rh-amnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyrnosyl-28-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1-->4)-beta-D-glccopyranosyl (1-->6)-beta-D-glccopyranoside (12).

CONCLUSIONcompounds 5-8, 10, 12 were isolated from this plant for the first time. Compounds 2, 5 and 11 showed positive anti-tumor activities.

Anemone ; chemistry ; Antineoplastic Agents ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Eleutherococcus ; chemistry ; Glycosides ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Oleanolic Acid ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Plant Extracts ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization

Anemone flaccida Fr. Schmidt is a perennial medicinal herb that contains pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins as the major bioactive constituents. In China, the rhizomes are used as treatments for a variety of ailments including arthritis. However, yields of the saponins are low, and little is known about the plant's genetic background or phytohormonal responsiveness. Using one-quarter of the 454 pyrosequencing information from the Roche GS FLX Titanium platform, we performed a transcriptomic analysis to identify 157 genes putatively encoding 26 enzymes involved in the synthesis of the bioactive compounds. It was revealed that there are two biosynthetic pathways of triterpene saponins in A. flaccida. One pathway depends on β-amyrin synthase and is similar to that found in other plants. The second, subsidiary ("backburner") pathway is catalyzed by camelliol C synthase and yields β-amyrin as minor byproduct. Both pathways used cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases (CYPs) and family 1 uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferases (UGTs) to modify the triterpenoid backbone. The expression of CYPs and UGTs were quite different in roots treated with the phytohormones methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid and indole-3-acetic acid. This study provides the first large-scale transcriptional dataset for the biosynthetic pathways of triterpene saponins and their phytohormonal responsiveness in the genus Anemone.
Anemone ; drug effects ; genetics ; metabolism ; Biosynthetic Pathways ; drug effects ; genetics ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; drug effects ; Glycosyltransferases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Oleanolic Acid ; analogs & derivatives ; metabolism ; Plant Growth Regulators ; pharmacology ; Plant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Plants, Medicinal ; Rhizome ; drug effects ; genetics ; metabolism ; Saponins ; metabolism ; Triterpenes ; metabolism

To study the coumarins of Anemone raddeana Regel, the compounds were separated by silica gel column chromatography and HPLC. Their structures were identified by their physicochemical property and spectral analysis. Two new compounds were isolated and identified as 4, 7-dimethoxyl-5-methyl-6-hydroxy coumarin (1) and 4, 7-dimethoxyl-5-formyl-6-hydroxycoumarin (2). The bioassays indicated that compounds 1 and 2 could significantly inhibit the proliferation of cancer cell, and showed the agonist effect on the transactivity of retinoic acid receptor-alpha (RARalpha). In addition, the two compounds had inhibitory effect against human leukocyte elastase (HLE).
Anemone ; chemistry ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Coumarins ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Leukocyte Elastase ; metabolism ; Molecular Structure ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Receptors, Retinoic Acid ; genetics ; metabolism ; Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Transcriptional Activation