The purpose of this study is to compare weight gain by risperidone, clozapine and olanzapine which are atypical antipsychotic drugs with that by haloperidol which is typical antipsychotic drug. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of 278 schizophrenic patients who were treated longer than 12 weeks with 4 different drugs. We measure weight gain weekly until 12th week and weight change curve over 12 weeks was drawn. Additionally, we examined any correlations of weight change with some factors. RESULTS: 1) The highest weight gains were observed in the olanzapine and clozapine groups, followed by the risperidone and haloperidol groups. 2) The haloperidol group showed a main weight gain within first 3 weeks, and patients ingested 3 atypical drugs gained weight steadily during 12 weeks. 3) The initial underweight group showed the largest weight gain. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the atypical antipsychotic drugs induced more weight gain than haloperidol. And we can expect that long-term treatment with clozapine and olanzapine would induce more severe weight gain, particularly in underweight patients.
Antipsychotic Agents* ; Clozapine ; Haloperidol ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Risperidone ; Thinness ; Weight Gain*

We present two cases of symptomatic chronic long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) ruptures treated with reconstruction of the tendon with an allograft due to native tendon shortening in one case and complete native tendon loss in the other. A gracilis allograft was Pulver-Taft weaved through the biceps muscle belly to reconstruct the LHBT and provide sufficient working length to perform a subpectoral tenodesis. In cases of chronic, symptomatic LHBT rupture with a shortened or absent tendon, a gracilis allograft can be used to reconstruct the biceps tendon and to perform a subpectoral tenodesis, providing symptom relief and reversing a Popeye muscle.

We present two cases of symptomatic chronic long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) ruptures treated with reconstruction of the tendon with an allograft due to native tendon shortening in one case and complete native tendon loss in the other. A gracilis allograft was Pulver-Taft weaved through the biceps muscle belly to reconstruct the LHBT and provide sufficient working length to perform a subpectoral tenodesis. In cases of chronic, symptomatic LHBT rupture with a shortened or absent tendon, a gracilis allograft can be used to reconstruct the biceps tendon and to perform a subpectoral tenodesis, providing symptom relief and reversing a Popeye muscle.

We present two cases of symptomatic chronic long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) ruptures treated with reconstruction of the tendon with an allograft due to native tendon shortening in one case and complete native tendon loss in the other. A gracilis allograft was Pulver-Taft weaved through the biceps muscle belly to reconstruct the LHBT and provide sufficient working length to perform a subpectoral tenodesis. In cases of chronic, symptomatic LHBT rupture with a shortened or absent tendon, a gracilis allograft can be used to reconstruct the biceps tendon and to perform a subpectoral tenodesis, providing symptom relief and reversing a Popeye muscle.

We present two cases of symptomatic chronic long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT) ruptures treated with reconstruction of the tendon with an allograft due to native tendon shortening in one case and complete native tendon loss in the other. A gracilis allograft was Pulver-Taft weaved through the biceps muscle belly to reconstruct the LHBT and provide sufficient working length to perform a subpectoral tenodesis. In cases of chronic, symptomatic LHBT rupture with a shortened or absent tendon, a gracilis allograft can be used to reconstruct the biceps tendon and to perform a subpectoral tenodesis, providing symptom relief and reversing a Popeye muscle.

The suicide risk of patients with schizophrenia is about 8.5-fold greater than that of the general population. Since 4-13% of patients with schizophrenia commit suicide, and 25-50% attempt suicide at least once during their lifetime, suicide can be a main cause of their higher mortality rate as compared with that of the general population. While evidence suggests that previous depressive disorders, previous suicide attempts, drug misuse, agitation or motor restlessness, fear of mental disintegration, poor adherence to treatment, and recent loss of another person are associated with the increased risk of suicide in schizophrenia, hallucinations have been associated with decreased suicide risk. Despite there being at least modest evidence suggesting that antipsychotics protect against suicidal risk, clozapine has been shown to be the most favorable second-generation antipsychotic for preventing suicide in patients with schizophrenia. In addition, selective serotonin receptor inhibitors can ameliorate suicidal ideation in schizophrenia. Furthermore, individual psychosocial interventions and psychotherapy, and reducing stigma, can be integral strategies for the prevention of suicide in schizophrenia. Further study is needed to identify the epidemiological characteristics and clinical correlates of suicide in Korean patients with schizophrenia, and provide an effective strategy for its prevention in Korea.
Antipsychotic Agents ; Clozapine ; Depressive Disorder ; Dihydroergotamine ; Hallucinations ; Humans ; Korea ; Mortality ; Psychomotor Agitation ; Psychotherapy ; Schizophrenia* ; Serotonin ; Suicidal Ideation ; Suicide*

Background: The Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes hosts various marine bacterial symbionts, and these symbioses have served as models for the animal-microbe relationships that are important for host health. Within a light organ, E. scolopes harbors populations of the bacterium Vibrio fischeri, which produce low levels of bioluminescence that the squid uses for camouflage. The symbiosis is initially established after a juvenile squid hatches from its egg and acquires bacterial symbionts from the ambient marine environment. The relative ease with which a cohort of wild-caught E. scolopes can be maintained in a mariculture facility has facilitated over 3 decades of research involving juvenile squid. However, because E. scolopes is native to the Hawaiian archipelago, their transport from Hawaii to research facilities often represents a stress that has the potential to impact their physiology. Results: Here, we describe animal survival and reproductive capacity associated with a cohort of squid assembled from two shipments with markedly different transit times. We found that the lower juvenile squid counts generated by animals with the longer transit time were not due to the discrepancy in shipment but instead to fewer female squid that produced egg clutches at an elevated rate, which we term hyper-reproductivity. We find that hyper-reproductive females were responsible for 58% of the egg clutches laid. Conclusions The significance of these findings for E. scolopes biology and husbandry is discussed, thereby providing a platform for future investigation and further development of this cephalopod as a valuable lab animal for microbiology research.

Background: The symbiosis between the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes and bacterium Vibrio fischeri serves as a model for investigating the molecular mechanisms that promote the initial formation of animal-bacterial symbioses. Research with this system frequently depends on freshly hatched E. scolopes, but the husbandry factors that promote hatchling production in a mariculture facility remain underreported. Here we report on the reproductive performance of E. scolopes in response to decreased mating frequency. Results: One animal cohort was maintained in a mariculture facility for 107 days, with females assigned to either a control group (mating once every 14 days) or an experimental group (mating once every 21 days). No differences between the groups were observed in survival, the number of egg clutches laid, or hatchling counts. Each group featured multiple females that were hyper-reproductive, i.e., they generated more than 8 egg clutches while in captivity. Examination of the distributions for daily hatchling counts of individual egg clutches revealed significant variation in the hatching patterns among clutches that was independent of mating frequency. Finally, an assessment of hatchling production showed that 93.5% of total hatchlings produced by the cohort were derived from egg clutches laid within the first 70 days. Conclusions These results suggest a lower mating frequency does not impede hatchling production. Furthermore, the variation in hatchling production among egg clutches provides new insight into the reproductive performance of E. scolopes as a lab animal for microbiology research.

Background: Whether depression before diagnosis of dyslipidemia is associated with higher cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk among newly diagnosed dyslipidemia patients is yet unclear. Methods: The study population consisted of 72,235 newly diagnosed dyslipidemia patients during 2003 to 2012 from the National Health Insurance Service–Health Screening Cohort of South Korea. Newly diagnosed dyslipidemia patients were then detected for pre-existing depression within 3 years before dyslipidemia diagnosis. Starting from 2 years after the diagnosis date, patients were followed up for CVD until 2015. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CVD were calculated by Cox proportional hazards regression. Results: Compared to dyslipidemia patients without depression, those with depression had higher risk for CVD (aHR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.41). Similarly, pre-existing depression was associated with increased risk for stroke (aHR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.53). The risk for CVD among depressed dyslipidemia patients for high (aHR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.90), medium (aHR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.91 to 1.52), and low (aHR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.50) statin compliance patients tended to be increased compared to patients without pre-existing dyslipidemia. The risk-elevating effect of depression on CVD tended to be preserved regardless of subgroups of smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and body mass index. Conclusion Dyslipidemia patients with pre-existing depression had increased risk for CVD. Future studies that determine CVD risk after management of depression among dyslipidemia patients are needed.

The rising incidence of early gastric cancer has enabled the development of function-preserving gastrectomy with the focus on post gastrectomy quality of life and adherence to sound oncologic principles. It is concurrent with the growing popularity of minimally invasive surgery; and both are commonly used together. The different kinds of function-preserving gastrectomy included in this review are: pylorus-preserving and proximal gastrectomy, vagus nerve preservation, sentinel node navigation, and various endoscopic & minimally-invasive techniques. In this article the indications, techniques, oncologic safety, functional benefit, and outcomes of each kind of function-preserving gastrectomy are discussed.
Gastrectomy ; Incidence ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ; Quality of Life ; Stomach Neoplasms* ; Vagus Nerve