1.Evaluation of the effectiveness of the new tooth wear measurement parameters.
Sang Hak LEE ; Shin Eun NAM ; Seung Pyo LEE
Anatomy & Cell Biology 2015;48(4):284-291
Nowadays, there has been an increasing interest in the preservation of natural dentition and the proper occlusion related to tooth wear for quality of life. To overcome the problems of the existing qualitative tooth wear analysis method, virtual three-dimensional models have been used. This study was designed to develop and validate a new quantitative method using tooth wear measurement parameters with angles obtained from virtual vectors and planes of the three-dimensional models. Sixteen parameters were evaluated in the virtual models of 20 students (7.57+/-1.55 years old) and 20 adults (56.85+/-6.34 years old). There were 12 angle and 4 height parameters, and the number of parameters measured from the virtual planes and vectors were 10 and 6, respectively. For each parameter, means and standard deviations were calculated, and an unpaired sample t test was performed to compare the young and the adult groups. Also, differences between the means were determined and expressed as percentages. The results were statistically significant between the two groups (P<0.001). In general, parameters using virtual vectors showed greater change than virtual plane. Although there were statistically significant differences among all parameters using virtual planes (P<0.001), the changes of the three angles were similar, except distolingual cusp angle. It was found that the parameters using virtual vectors were effective and tooth wear took place in both buccal and lingual cusps. Likewise, the validation of the new measurement parameters suggests that they can also be applied in the assessment of tooth wear related to dental biomaterials.
Adult
;
Biocompatible Materials
;
Dentition
;
Humans
;
Quality of Life
;
Tooth Wear*
;
Tooth*
2.Craniometric study for sex determination in a Thai population.
Pasuk MAHAKKANUKRAUH ; Apichat SINTHUBUA ; Sukon PRASITWATTANASEREE ; Sitthiporn RUENGDIT ; Phruksachat SINGSUWAN ; Sithee PRANEATPOLGRANG ; Phuwadon DUANGTO
Anatomy & Cell Biology 2015;48(4):275-283
Sex determination is an important step in biological identification from skeletal remains, especially in forensic circumstances. Many authors suggested that the morphological study was more subjective than the metric. There are various craniometric studies in different populations. They revealed that there was population-specific for the sex discriminant equation derived from each population. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate sexual dimorphism and develop the discriminant function from 200 Thai skulls. Twenty-five standard cranial measurements were examined. The results revealed that males' cranium were statistically significant larger than females' in all measurements (P<0.05), except for minimum breadth of nasal bone. Sexual dimorphism index also expressed relatively high male/female ratio indicating great sexual dimorphism. The best practical equation for sex determination with six measurements (maximum cranial length, bizygomatic breadth, biauricular breadth, nasal height, biorbital breadth and right mastoid length) was derived from a stepwise discriminant method. This equation with 90.6% accuracy (91.1% in male and 90.0% in female) can provide valuable application utilizing in sex determination from skull in a Thai population.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group*
;
Cephalometry
;
Humans
;
Male
;
Mastoid
;
Nasal Bone
;
Skull
3.Anatomical study of the nerve regeneration after selective neurectomy in the rabbit: clinical application for esthetic calf reduction.
Kang Jae SHIN ; Ja Young YOO ; Ju Young LEE ; Young Chun GIL ; Jeong Nam KIM ; Ki Seok KOH ; Wu Chul SONG
Anatomy & Cell Biology 2015;48(4):268-274
The purposes of this study were therefore to characterize the degeneration and regeneration of nerves to the calf muscles after selective neurectomy, both macroscopically and microscopically, and to determine the incidence of such regeneration in a rabbit model. Seventy four New Zealand white rabbits were used. Selective neurectomy to the triceps surae muscles was performed, and the muscles were subsequently harvested and weighed 1-4 months postneurectomy. The gastrocnemius muscles were stained with Sihler's solution to enable the macroscopic observation of any nerve regeneration that may have occurred subsequent to neurectomy. The change in triceps surae muscle weight was measured along the time course of the experiment. After neurectomy, nerve degeneration was followed by regeneration in all cases. The weight of the triceps surae muscle decreased dramatically between completion of the neurectomy and 1 month postneurectomy, but increased thereafter. The nerve branches were weakly stained with Sihler's solution until 2 months postneurectomy, and then strongly stained after 3 months. The number of myelinated axons was decreased at 2 month after neurectomy compared to nonneurectomized controls, but then gradually increased thereafter. Although there are currently no reports on the incidence of recovery after calf reduction, it may be a very common occurrence in the clinical field based on our findings. The findings of this study provide fundamental anatomical and surgical information to aid planning and practice in calf-reduction surgery.
Axons
;
Incidence
;
Muscle, Skeletal
;
Muscles
;
Myelin Sheath
;
Nerve Degeneration
;
Nerve Regeneration*
;
Rabbits
;
Regeneration
4.White matter plasticity in the cerebellum of elite basketball athletes.
In Sung PARK ; Ye Na LEE ; Soonwook KWON ; Nam Joon LEE ; Im Joo RHYU
Anatomy & Cell Biology 2015;48(4):262-267
Recent neuroimaging studies indicate that learning a novel motor skill induces plastic changes in the brain structures of both gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) that are associated with a specific practice. We previously reported an increased volume of vermian lobules VI-VII (declive, folium, and tuber) in elite basketball athletes who require coordination for dribbling and shooting a ball, which awakened the central role of the cerebellum in motor coordination. However, the precise factor contributing to the increased volume was not determined. In the present study, we compared the volumes of the GM and WM in the sub-regions of the cerebellar vermis based on manual voxel analysis with the ImageJ program. We found significantly larger WM volumes of vermian lobules VI-VII (declive, folium, and tuber) in elite basketball athletes in response to long-term intensive motor learning. We suggest that the larger WM volumes of this region in elite basketball athletes represent a motor learning-induced plastic change, and that the WM of this region likely plays a critical role in coordination. This finding will contribute to gaining a deeper understanding of motor learning-evoked WM plasticity.
Athletes*
;
Basketball*
;
Brain
;
Cerebellum*
;
Humans
;
Learning
;
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
;
Motor Skills
;
Neuroimaging
;
Plastics*
5.Haversian system of compact bone and comparison between endosteal and periosteal sides using three-dimensional reconstruction in rat.
Jeong Nam KIM ; Jun Young LEE ; Kang Jae SHIN ; Young Chul GIL ; Ki Seok KOH ; Wu Chul SONG
Anatomy & Cell Biology 2015;48(4):258-261
The current model of compact bone is that of a system of Haversian (longitudinal) canals connected by Volkmann's (transverse) canals. Models based on either histology or microcomputed tomography do not accurately represent the morphologic detail and microstructure of this system, especially that of the canal networks and their spatial relationships. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the morphologic pattern and network of the Haversian system and to compare endosteal and periosteal sides in rats using three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction. Ten Sprague-Dawley rats aged 8-10 weeks were used. The femurs were harvested from each rat and fixed, decalcified with 10% EDTA-2Na, serially sectioned at a thickness of 5 microm, and then stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The serial sections were reconstructed three-dimensionally using Reconstruct software. The Haversian canals in the endosteal region were found to be large, highly interconnected, irregular, and close to neighboring canals. In contrast, the canals in the periosteal region were straight and small. This combined application of 3D reconstruction and histology examinations to the Haversian system has confirmed its microstructure, showing a branched network pattern on the endosteal side but not on the periosteal side.
Animals
;
Eosine Yellowish-(YS)
;
Femur
;
Haversian System*
;
Hematoxylin
;
Rats*
;
Rats, Sprague-Dawley
;
X-Ray Microtomography
6.The influence of substrate topography and biomaterial substance on skin wound healing.
Zeinab GHANAVATI ; Niloofar NEISI ; Vahid BAYATI ; Manoochehr MAKVANDI
Anatomy & Cell Biology 2015;48(4):251-257
Tissue engineering is a new field of which the main purpose is to regenerate and repair the damaged tissues. Scaffolds serve as three dimensional matrices for neo-organogenesis and their substance can be biologic or synthetic. Natural polymers have good interactions with the cells and synthetic biomaterials are also highly useful in biomedical application because of their biocompatible properties. In addition to scaffold substance, surface properties of biomaterials have an important role in tissue engineering. In this study, we examined whether substrate substance is important for wound healing or its surface topography. Therefore, we fabricated two matrices, electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers and collagen/chitosan film, and implanted them to the same rat models. After 2 weeks, the sizes of healing wounds were measured and their cellular structures were evaluated by histochemistry and mmunohistochemistry. Histological staining showed a good level of cellularization and epidermis-dermis formation in PCL implant while no determinable epithelium was observed after 2 weeks in collagen-chitosan graft. Immunohistochemical study demonstrated the highly expressed pancytokeratin in PCL graft while its expression was weak in underdeveloped epidermis of collagen-chitosan implantation. In conclusion, this study suggested that PCL nanofibers with high surface area had a more ideal property than natural collagen-chitosan film, therefore the structure and topography of a matrix seemed to be more important in wound healing than its material substance.
Biocompatible Materials
;
Cellular Structures
;
Collagen
;
Epidermis
;
Epithelium
;
Models, Animal
;
Nanofibers
;
Polymers
;
Skin*
;
Surface Properties
;
Tissue Engineering
;
Transplants
;
Wound Healing*
;
Wounds and Injuries*
7.A combinational effect of acetaminophen and oriental herbs on the regulation of inflammatory mediators in microglia cell line, BV2.
Hyemin KIM ; Seyeon BAE ; Kil Young KWON ; Young Il HWANG ; Jae Seung KANG ; Wang Jae LEE
Anatomy & Cell Biology 2015;48(4):244-250
The mechanism of Western medicine that is commonly used for pain relief is well-known. However, very little is known for oriental herbs, and even less is known for mixture of the two. We investigated the combinational effect of 3 kinds of oriental herbs, usually used for the control of headache, and acetaminophen to relieve headache in microglia cell line, BV2. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation induced to produce nitrite and increased the expression of inflammation-related factors like inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in murine microglia cell line, BV2. Oriental herbs such as Angelica tenuissima, Angelica dahurica, and Scutellaria baicalensis reduced the production of nitric oxide and the expression of COX-2. Moreover, a treatment of acetaminophen combined with oriental herbs was more decreased the COX-2 expression, and its product, prostaglandin E2 production in BV2 cells. Therefore, a combined treatment of oriental herbs such as A. tenuissima, A. dahurica, and S. baicalensis and Western medicine like acetaminophen has a synergistic effect on the decrease of LPS-induced inflammation in microglia.
Acetaminophen*
;
Angelica
;
Cell Line*
;
Cyclooxygenase 2
;
Dinoprostone
;
Headache
;
Inflammation
;
Microglia*
;
Nitric Oxide
;
Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
;
Scutellaria baicalensis
8.Protective effects of kaempferol against cardiac sinus node dysfunction via CaMKII deoxidization.
Anatomy & Cell Biology 2015;48(4):235-243
Kaempferol exerts cardioprotective actions through incompletely understood mechanisms. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the cardioprotective effects of kaempferol in sinus node dysfunction (SND) heart. Here, we demonstrate that angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion causes SND through oxidized calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII). In contrast to this, kaempferol protects sinus node against Ang II-induced SND. Ang II evoked apoptosis with caspase-3 activation in sinus nodal cells. However, kaempferol lowered the CaMKII oxidization and the sinus nodal cell death. To block the CaMKII oxidization, gene of p47phox, a cytosolic subunit of NADPH oxidase, was deleted using Cas9 KO plasmid. In the absence of p47phox, sinus nodal cells were highly resistance to Ang II-induced apoptosis, suggesting that oxidized-CaMKII contributed to sinus nodal cell death. In Langendorff heart from Ang II infused mice, kaempferol preserved normal impulse formation at right atrium. These data suggested that kaempferol protects sinus node via inhibition of CaMKII oxidization and may be useful for preventing SND in high risk patients.
Angiotensin II
;
Animals
;
Apoptosis
;
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2*
;
Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases
;
Caspase 3
;
Cell Death
;
Cytosol
;
Heart
;
Heart Atria
;
Humans
;
Mice
;
NADPH Oxidase
;
Plasmids
;
Sick Sinus Syndrome*
;
Sinoatrial Node*
9.Role of mast cell in the late phase of contact hypersensitivity induced by trimellitic anhydride.
Anatomy & Cell Biology 2015;48(4):225-234
Mast cells are known as effector cells of IgE-mediated allergic responses, but role of mast cells in contact hypersensitivity (CHS) has been considered controversial. In this study, we investigated role of mast cell in trimellitic anhydride (TMA)-induced CHS. The mice were sensitized to TMA on the back and repeatedly challenged with TMA on the left ear at 1-week intervals. The ear after challenge showed biphasic responses. The repetition of TMA challenge shifted in time course of ear response and enlarged the extent of early and late phase reactions in proportion to the frequency of TMA challenges in C57BL/6 mice. In late phase reaction, peak of ear response by single challenge showed at 24 hours after challenge, but the peak by repeat challenges at 8 hours after the last challenge. Number of mast cells and eosinophils per unit area increased in proportion to frequency of TMA challenges. However, mast cell-deficient WBB6F1/J-Kit(W)/Kit(W-v) mice developed the late phase reaction without the early phase reaction. The repetition of TMA challenge shifted in time course of ear response and enlarged the extent of ear response and the infiltration of eosinophils. The magnitude of these responses observed according to the frequency of the TMA challenge in mast cell-deficient WBB6F1/J-Kit(W)/Kit(W-v) mice was significantly lower than that in C57BL/6 mice. Also TMA elicited mast cell degranulation and histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusively, TMA induces the early and late phase reactions in CHS, and mast cells may be required for TMA-induced CHS.
Animals
;
Dermatitis, Contact*
;
Ear
;
Eosinophils
;
Histamine Release
;
Mast Cells*
;
Mice
;
Rats
10.Right-sided aortic arch with the retroesophageal left subclavian artery as the fourth branch.
Ok Hee CHAI ; Eui Hyeog HAN ; Hyoung Tae KIM ; Chang Ho SONG
Anatomy & Cell Biology 2013;46(2):167-170
We present a rare variation of the right-sided aortic arch with the retroesophageal left subclavian artery as the forth branch found in a cadaver of an 89-year-old Korean woman during a routine dissection. In this case, the first branch that arose from the ascending aorta was the left common carotid artery, which crossed ventral to the trachea in a left cephalic direction, followed by the right common carotid artery and then the right subclavian artery. Distal to these branches the aortic arch ran dorsally, passing between the esophagus and the vertebra. The left subclavian artery arose from the descending portion of the aortic arch, crossing over to the left upper extremity behind the esophagus. This anomaly was not accompanied by congenital heart disease. Accurate information regarding this variation is of great importance to surgeons for its early identification and preservation during interventions and to radiologists for precise interpretation of angiograms.
Aorta
;
Aorta, Thoracic
;
Cadaver
;
Carotid Artery, Common
;
Crossing Over, Genetic
;
Esophagus
;
Female
;
Heart Diseases
;
Humans
;
Spine
;
Subclavian Artery
;
Trachea
;
Upper Extremity