OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of buprenorphione in the bodies of rabbits. METHODS: Buprenorphione was administrated to rabbits orally or by intravenous injection (0.04 mg/kg buprenorphione). Two hours after administration, rabbits were killed and their blood, urine, liver, kidney, lung, stomach, brain, heart, stomach content and feces were collected. The concentrations of buprenorphione in these body fluids and tissues were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). RESULTS: The results show the distribution of buprenorphione in rabbit's body: urine>stomach content>brain >heart >stomach>lung> kidney > liver > blood> feces. CONCLUSION The method developed can be used for the detection of buprenorphione in biological fluids and tissues in forensic practice. Urine is the preferred sample for screening for buprenorphione abuse.
Analgesics, Opioid ; pharmacokinetics ; Animals ; Buprenorphine ; pharmacokinetics ; urine ; Female ; Male ; Rabbits ; Tissue Distribution

OBJECTIVE: To develope an easy to use, rapid and accurate test for detecting buprenorphine based on the principle of competitive immunoassay. METHODS: Monoclonal antibody against buprenorphine was conjugated with colloidal gold and dispensed on the glass fiber. The complete antigen Buprenorphine-BSA and the goat anti-mouse IgG polyclonal antibody were separately sprayed on the nitrocellulose membrane as the test line (T line) and the control line (C line). The rapid test kit was the final assembled product of test strip with the plastic cover. RESULTS: A total of 100 urine samples were tested for buprenorphine by immunochromatographic and GC/ MS methods. The accuracy was 99.0%. It is found the test kit can only detect by cross reaction with other 45 kind drugs. CONCLUSION Rapid test kit can detect buprenorphine in the samples in 5 minutes. The cut-off value of the test is 100 ng/mL.
Analgesics, Opioid/urine* ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology* ; Buprenorphine/urine* ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods* ; Gold Colloid ; Humans ; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Tramadol and its metabolites in rat urine were identified by LC-MS(n). Rat urine samples of 0-36 h were collected after ip 9.0 mg x kg(-1) tramadol, then the samples were enriched and purified through solid-phase extraction cartridge. Purified samples were analyzed by LC-MS(n). Possible metabolites were discovered by comparing the full scan and SIM chromatograms of the test samples with the corresponding blanks and analyzing the retention time, quasi-molecular ion and fragment ion of all chromatograms. Nine phase I metabolites and four phase II metabolites were identified in rat urine. One of the metabolites was found first time in living body. The metabolites were formed via the following metabolic pathways: O-demethylation, N-demethylation, hydroxylation, N-oxidation and conjugation. The method can be used to identify tramadol and its metabolites in other animals and human.
Analgesics, Opioid ; administration & dosage ; metabolism ; urine ; Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Injections, Intraperitoneal ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Tramadol ; administration & dosage ; metabolism ; urine

OBJECTIVE: To develop a rapid and accurate gas chromatography method and investigate the distribution of tramadol in acute poisoned rats for information of samples selection and results evaluation in forensic identification. METHODS: After an oral administration of tramadol at 1140 mg/kg (5 x LD50), concentrations of tramadol in rats' biological fluids and tissues were determined by gas chromatography. RESULTS: The limit of detection of tramadol in blood and urine was 0.1 microg/mL and the limit of detection in liver was 0.1 microg/g. The intra-day precision and inter-day precision were within 3.1% and 5.5% respectively, and the recovery of tramadol in blood was more than 98%. The average levels of tramadol displayed in descending order of heart blood, liver, peripheral blood, urine, vitreous humor, kidney, lung, spleen, heart, brain respectively. CONCLUSION The established method could meet the requirements for toxicological analysis, and the results of the study suggest that blood, urine, liver, lung and kidney are suitable samples for forensic toxicological analysis in tramadol poisoning cases.
Acute Disease ; Administration, Oral ; Analgesics, Opioid/urine* ; Animals ; Body Fluids/chemistry* ; Chromatography, Gas/methods* ; Kidney/metabolism* ; Liver/metabolism* ; Male ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Substance Abuse Detection/methods* ; Tissue Distribution ; Tramadol/urine*