Many controversies and unanswered questions surround AIS(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis),the most difficult one is the absence of information about its aetiopathogenesis.Although bracing has been regarded as the standard of care for patients at a high risk of progression,it has never been subjected to rigorous assessment of either its efficacy or effectiveness.With respect to surgical management,although technology has greatly increased the safety with which we can correct spinal deformity and preserve spinal balance,long-term results of these changing methods of management are absent.Surgery can reduce deformity and prevent further progression;thereby decreasing the risk of future cardiopulmonary compromise,but its role in the prevention of other negative long-term effects of scoliosis is not clear.In this paper we discuss present notions about aetiopathogenesis,natural history,non-operative treatment,and surgery.

The compositions and contents of fatty acids in the meat and viscera in Chlamys ferreri near Yantai seacoast, Shandong Province were studied in detail. The result showed that the contents of the unsaturated fatty acids in the meat and wastes were 65. 0% and 66. 2%, respectively. Moreover, the contents of the polyunsaturated fatty acids and EPA+DHA were 55. 1% and 37. 5% in the meat, respectively. The contents in the viscera were 48. 8% and 22. 2%, respectively.

Objective To observe the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on cognitive function in rats with chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.Methods The animal model of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion was established in 30 Sprague-Dawley rats by surgically induced bilateral common caroid artery stenosis,who were then divided into a control group and a treatment group.The rats in the treatment group were administered with 20 Hz rTMS 4 weeks postoperation for 7days.Another 10 rat subject to sham operation served as blank controls.The cognitive function was assessed by Morris water maze (MWM) at the time points of 2nd,3rd,4th and 5th days after ending of the 4 weeks of tretment.The morphologic changes of hippocampus neurons were observed with HE staining.The apoptosis was examined by TUNEL,the expression of Bcl-2 or Bax protein was determined using immnunohistochemistry assay.Results At all the time points the MWM escape latency in the rTMS group was shorter than that in the control group (P ＜ 0.01).The percentage of crossing the corresponding platform during the same time period in platform quadrant in the rTMS group was significant higher than that in the control group (P ＜ 0.01).Compared with the control group,the treatment group demonstrated significantly decreased percentage of neuronal apoptosis (P ＜0.05),as well as increased expression of Bcl-2 protein (P ＜0.01) and reduced expression of Bax protein (P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion rTMS can improve the cognitive dysfunction in rats caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion,probably through inhibiting neuronal apoptosis in hippocampus region.

Objective To discuss the influence of conbercept intraocular injection to vitrectomy on diabetic retinopathy.Methods patients (100 cases) with diabetic retinopathy were divided into two groups according to whether use intraocular injection drug or not.The injection group (49 cases) was given conbercept intraocular injection before vitrectomy.The control group (51 cases) was only given vitrectomy.The influence of conbercept intraocular injection to vitrectomy on diabetic retinopathy was evaluated by surgery,prognosis,visual acuity before and after surgery.Results The surgery time of the injection group was shorter than that of the control group (P ＜ 0.05).There were six bleeding cases in the injection group and 20 cases in the control group.The number of bleeding of injection group was shorter than that of the control group (P ＜ 0.05).In addition,the electric coagulation,silicone oil use,iatrogenic macular holes number of injection group was smaller than of that of the control group (P ＜ 0.05).During 1 month follow-up,the number of small bleeding and large bleeding cases of injection group was smaller than of the control group (P ＜ 0.05).There was no statistical significance on vision between two groups.After 1 month surgery,the vision of two groups were increased.And the vision of injection group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion In summary,conbercept intraocular injection could help vitrectomy.It could reduce the difficulty of surgery and shorten the surgery time.It could reduce the bleeding symptoms during and after surgery.It could improve the vision of patients.

Crowns ; Dentures ; Humans

Sustained release drug delivery from microparticles is an excellent alternative for daily protein/peptide drug administration protocol. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) are the most commonly used polymer carriers in the development of protein/peptide microspheres. Basically there are three preparation methods for PLA/PLGA microspheres: the solvent extraction/evaporation based multiple emulsion (W/O/W emulsion) method, the phase separation method and the spray drying method. The stability of the protein/pipetide loaded, encapsulation efficiency, and the burst effect of the microspheres are key problems usually met in the preparation of microspheres. In this review the preparation techniques and progress in the development of protein/pipetide microspheres which aimed to stabilize protein/peptide structural integrity, keep the bioactivity of drugs, increase the encapsulation efficiency and improve the release profile were summarized and evaluated.

OBJECTIVE: To observe monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) changes in ischemic tissue during the process of angiogenesis induction in ischemic limbs by autologous mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation.METHODS: Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to 2 groups (n = 10): model and MSC transplantation. Femoral and tibial bone marrow was taken to isolate and culture MSCs by percoll density gradient method. Cells of the 3~(rd) or 4~(th) passage were used for transplantation. Severe bilateral hind limb ischemia was surgically created in each group rats. Two hours after model establishment, MSCs (1×10~(11)/L) were infused into the ischemic region of rats from the MSC transplantation group, and the model group received the same amount of phosphate buffered saline. Collateral artery formation was determined by angiographic analysis and histological assessment. CD68~+ macrophage infiltration was examined by immunohistochemistry. MCP-1 protein expression in the plasma and ischemic tissue was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. MCP-1 mRNA expression in ischemic tissue was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.RESULTS: At postoperative 28 days, treatment with MSC transplantation lead to collateral vessel formation, and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that CD68~+ macrophage infiltration was lower compared with the model group. MCP-1 protein and mRNA expression in the plasma and ischemia tissue was significantly lower in the MSC transplantation group than in the model group (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Following MSC transplantation, MCP-1 may play an important role in ischemia-induced angiogenesis. This indicates that MCP-1 would become one possible target molecule for modulating inflammatory angiogenesis by MSC Transplantation.

Objective To investigate the changes of thrombomodulin (TM) and von Willebrand factor (vWf) and their clinical significance in patients with severe brain injury. Methods The study involved 62 patients with severe brain injury who were divided into diffuse axonal injury group (28 patients) and focal brain injury group (34 patients). Then, the 62 patients were divided into young group (16-30 years old, 20 patients), middle-aged group (31-65 years old, 20 patients) and elderly group ( ＞65 years old, 22 patients). The serum levels of TM and vWf were determined at days 1 and 7 after injury respectively. ELISA method was employed to determine the serum levels of TM and vWf.Results The vWf in focal brain injury group was significantly higher than that of diffuse axonal injury group at days 1-7 after injury ( P ＜ 0.05 ). Compared with the young and middle-aged groups, the TM and vWf levels in the elderly group at day 1 after injury were significantly elevated ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). The TM levels in patients with delayed traumatic intracerebral hematoma (DTICH) were significantly higher than that in patients without DTICH (P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusions In the acute stage of severe brain injury,injury severity and activation of endothelial cells varies in patients with different types of injury and at different ages. TM is one of sensitive indicators to reflect the cerebal vascular endothelial cell injury. It is very meaningful to assess the prognosis of severe brain injury by measuring serum levels of TM and vWf and take TM as a predictive indicator for DTICH.

BACKGROUND:Evaluation of the newly formed bone at the distraction site by the imaging technologies is the cornerstone for terminating the limb lengthening successfuly.In the early stages of the distraction, the X-ray cannot detect any evidence of new bone formation within the distraction sites, whereas ultrasound can acquire wealth information about new bone and surrounding soft tissues. OBJECTIVE: To explore the application value of Doppler ultrasound in the evaluation of limb lengthening in order to promote its clinical application. METHODS: A computer-based search was performed on the CNKI database and PubMed database for articles related to ultrasound in the evaluation of limb lengthening published from January 1989to October 2014. The keywords of distraction osteogenesis, ultrasonography, external fixation, fracture healing in English and Chinese were used to search the articles by title and abstract. Finaly, a total of 24 articles were included to review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Ultrasound is an effective method to evaluate the limb lengthening in early stage. It can not only detect the formation and maturation of the new calus, but also can evaluate the forming speed and the quality of the new cals. Moreover, ultrasound can be used to evaluate the situation of the soft tissue near the distraction site. Complications associated with the limb lengthening can be observed timely by the ultrasound. Ultrasound is of great significance in the evaluation of distraction osteogenesis.

Zebrafish has been widely used as an important model system in research fields of genetic and develop -mental biology over the past 20 years.Similar to the mammalians and other vertebrate animals , zebrafish also has various tissue barriers.In recent years, more and more important progress of tissue barrier studies have been achieved using ze -brafish as in vivo model, such as blood-brain barrier.These findings contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of diseases caused by the disorders of physiological barriers .It also helps with the modulation of the permeability of tissue bar-riers for drug delivery .This review summaries recent progress of zebrafish applications in the study of tissue barriers , such as blood-brain barrier, blood-retina barrier, epidermal barrier, etc.