Retinal detachment (RD) is one of the most common sight-threatening retinal diseases.Visual acuity is not always restored after successful reattachment of the retina.Photoreceptor cell death has been thought to be the major cause of vision loss after RD through various pathways and their interactions,including caspase-dependent apoptosis,endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis and non-apoptotic death forms,such as necroptosis,autophagy,and so on.Based on the understanding of the mechanism of photoreceptor cell death after RD,current efforts on combinatorial inhibition of multiple death pathways,targeting upstream molecules and enhancement of intrinsic neuroprotection would help us to protect photoreceptors effectively and improve visual acuity of RD patients.This review summarized current opinions on mechanisms of photoreceptor cell death and the potential treatment strategies.

OBJECTIVE: To study and collate the literature on rare diseases in domestic and abroad, and comparative analysis, provide a scientific basis for the domestic rare diseases research. METHODS: Retrieved the Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure from January 2011 to June 2016 published literature about rare diseases. RESULTS: Through the screening of literature, finally determine the 200 articles for analysis. It is divided into seven research directions: rare diseases policy research, rare diseases legal and regulatory research, rare diseases medical social security study, orphan drugs availability research, orphan drugs economic evaluation study, orphan drug development research, rare diseases defined standard research. CONCLUSION: Rare diseases policy research is the focus of research both domestic and abroad. Compared with foreign countries, the domestic research on the availability and economic evaluation of orphan drug is less, especially the economic evaluation research is almost blank. It is suggested that the researchers study the multiple aspects of rare diseases and drugs, and to provide the basis and reference for build rare disease policy in China. In addition to the field of rare diseases research, rare diseases drugs face many difficulties in pharmaceutical research, production and supply. The precondition to solve these problems is the nation formulate specific policies and regulations for rare diseases, and then clear the official definition standards of rare diseases, establish relevant policies to encourage pharmaceutical companies to develop rare diseases drugs.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Aged ; Dysuria ; etiology ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Herpes Zoster ; complications ; virology ; Herpesvirus 3, Human ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Perineum ; virology

BACKGROUND:Tumor markers are of great significance in early diagnosis of cancer, screening of high risk
group with cancer, differential diagnosis between benign and malignant tumors, judgment of cancer progression, evaluation of cancer therapeutic effect and prediction of cancer recurrence and prognosis.
OBJECTIVE:To realize the importance of tumor marker for cancer early diagnosis by introducing the working principle and clinical application of silicon nanowires biosensor in detecting tumor markers.
METHODS:The first author searched PubMed, CNKI and Google Scholar Databases to retrieve relevant articles about tumor marker, working principle and application of silicon nanowires biosensor published from 2003 to 2013. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Silicon nanowires biosensors with high sensitivity and without secondary marks show a good application prospect in detecting tumor markers. They have been used to detect tumor markers for prostate cancer, breast cancer, tumor markers of colorectal cancer, and primary liver cancer, and achieved an ideal limit of detection. However, due to the influence of debye length, most of detections can only be performed in the standard solution. There is a lack of the serum data of cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the development of the core competitive power of domestic vitamin C manufacturing enterprises.METHODS:To analyse the characteristic of vitamin C industry in China and the competitive situation in the new market enviroment after China entry into WTO and to study the value chain of Chinese enterprises.RESULTS&CONCLU?SION:In order to develop the new core competitive power,it is important to breed the core of value chain that is based on in?novation.

Objective To discuss the effect of modified venipuncture method on success rate of vcnipuncture, in order to alleviate the suffering of patients with emergency transfusion. Methods 380 cases of transfusion patients were randomly divided into the routine group and the modified group, rou-tine and modified venipuncture methods were applied to each group respectively. The success rate and pain response of each group were compared between the two groups by χ2 test. Results The success rate of venipuncture of the modified group was 93.50%, which was significantly higher than that of the routine group, and the rate of pain of the modified group was lighter than that of the routine group. Conclusions The modified venipuncture method can alleviate pain of patients, improve work efficien-cy and was worthy of clinical nursing application.

Objective To determine whether attention allocation deficits contribute to nonfluent aphasia during orthography, phonology, and semantic processing with Chinese characters. Methods Sixteen patients and sixteen controls participated in single and dual tasks. In the single task participants were required to read Chinese characters silently and to make radical, semantic, and final sound judgments (for example, whether the charactersincluded the sound 'ang' ) simultaneously. During the dual task the only difference was that the participants wereasked to read the presented characters aloud and make the same three judgments. Reaction time and error rate were recorded and analysed. Results Reaction times in orthographic judgment were significantly longer for patients than for controls in both task setups. The error rate was also significantly higher. The patients' reaction times in makingphonological judgments in the dual task were significantly longer than in the single task, but there was no significantdifference in error rates between the patients and the controls. In making semantic judgments, neither reaction times nor error rates differed significantly with either the single or dual task protocol. Conclusion Attention allocation deficits play a key role in Chinese character orthographic and phonological processing for nonfluent aphasia sufferers.

ObjectiveTo observe the protective effects of flunarizine（FZN） in retinal ischemic injury．MethodsFor the experimental group and the treated group in ischemic reperfusion different stages, the contents of lipid peroxide metabolim malondialdehyde （MDA） in rabbites’ retinal tissues were detected by using TBA．ResultsThe contents of MDA in the experimental and treated groups at 30 min，60 min and 90 min of reperfusion increased remarkably compared with that of the normal control group（P＜0.01)．The contents of MDA in the treated group at 30 min，60 min and 90 min of reperfusion were much lower than that of MDA in the experimental group at 30 min，60 min and 90 min of reperfusion respectively（P＜0.01）．ConclusionIntracellular calcium overload may be involved in pathophysiologic process of retinal ischemic injury．Flunarizine has the protective effects in retinal ischemic injury.

Objective To investigate the clinical values of preoperative through-the-scope(TST) stent implementation by analyzing its effectiveness and reliability in patients with acute colonic obstruction caused by proximal colonic cancer.Methods From June 2008 to June 2014,36 patients with proximal colonic cancer accompanied by acute obstruction were analyzed.Obstructive sites consisted of ileocecal junction(n =4),ascending colon(n =20),and transverse colon near the hepatic flexure(n =12).A-chievement ratio of the colonic tumor resection,the incidence rate of complications,operation time,and hospitalization were evaluated.Results TTS was successfully placed in all patients.All patients showed relief of obstructive symptoms within 1 ~2 days.Surgical resection was performed after 5 ~7 days.A total of 34 patients got a radical colonic tumor resection,while the other two patients had liver and pelvic metas-tasis.All patients were welly recovered without complications of anastomotic leakage,intraperitoneal infec-tion and bleeding.Conclusion For patients with acute colonic obstruction caused by proximal colonic cancer,preoperative through-the-scope(TST)stent implementation is a cost-effective and safe method.It reduces trauma and pain,and enhances life quality for patients,which is worthy of being spread.

Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a potentially fatal zoonosis caused by Echinococcus multilocularis (E .m) , primary located in the liver and showed malignant invasion .AE can develop to the lungs and brain metastases .Operation treat-ment and medication therapeutic efficacy show poor effect .The mechanism of AE invasive growth and metastasis is unclear . Angiogenesis is a highly regulated behavior in normal tissues .Abnormal angiogenesis is one of the key signs of malignant tumor ,and VEGF is one of the key mediators of angiogenesis .Numerous studies have shown that VEGF and CD34 plays an important role in the formation of tumor angiogenesis and invasive growth process .This article discussed the role of angiogene-sis in AE aggressive ,aimed to provide a new way for the clinic conservative treatment for patients with advanced stage ,preven-ting recurrence after operation ,and adjunctive therapy of operation and drug .