The apprentice system is the principal succession method of ancient Chinese medicine. Masters pass down knowledge via verbal instructions as well as personal deeds, and apprentices are unconsciously influenced deeply within by what they see and hear from masters. That is where the strong point of the system. However, at the same time, apprentices are confined by their master’s instructions and learn only a part of the knowledge. It is the profound meaning rather than the form, that truly represents the modern value of the system. Traditional Chinese medicine stresses the cultivation of medical ethics, purification of learning motivation, study of classic works, solid foundation of basic skills and clinical practice. It also advocates that apprentices should be led and taught in accordance to his aptitude.

There are more than 70 species of flaviviruses, including Zika virus, Dengue virus and Japanese encephalitis virus, and more than 33 species are known to be capable of infecting humans. Only three flavivirus vaccines have been approved, and there is a lack of safe and effective vaccines for most flaviviruses. Adenovirus-vectored vaccines have high safety, low cost, and convenience to store and transport. Currently, two adenovirus-vectored Zika vaccines are under early clinical trials, and adenovirus-vectored vaccines for Dengue virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, West Nile virus and yellow fever virus are still in the phase of animal experiment. In the development of adenovirus-vectored flavivirus vaccines, there are still problems of pre-existing immunity to adenovirus, the insufficient immunogenicity of adenovirus vectors and the antibody-dependent enhancement effects among flavivirus. Based on relevant publications from January 2006 to June 2023, this article reviews the current status, challenges and solutions of the research into adenovirus-vectored flavivirus vaccines, so as to provide the reference for the development of relevant vaccines.

Microarray technology, used in microorganisms detection with its advantages of rapid detection, high sensitivity, high-throughput and low cost, has been applied in environmental microbial community research widely in past few years. It focuses on investigation of structure, diversity, function, dynamics of microbial populations within complex environmental samples. Furthermore, it also reveals their responses and adaptation to environmental perturbations such as climate change, toxic contaminants. According probe design patterns, several types of microarrays, such as phylogenetic oligonucleotide arrays (POAs), functional gene arrays (FGAs), metagenomic array(MGA) and community genome arrays (CGAs) have been constructed for environmental studies. This review discusses applications of microarrays to environmental microbial populations research along with its potential for screening of specific microorganisms, gene or expression functional gene representing different environmental microbial populations.

Humans ; Microsurgery ; methods ; Vocal Cords ; Voice Disorders ; surgery

Costs and Cost Analysis ; Dentists ; Family Practice ; Patient Rights ; Physician-Patient Relations ; Private Practice ; economics ; standards ; Self Care ; Social Values

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of mild hypothermia on neuron specific enolase (NSE) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum of patients with large-area cerebral infarction.Methods160 cases with large-area cerebral infarction were divided into the treatment group and control group with 80 cases in each group. Patients of the control group were treated with routine therapy. Those of the treatment group were added with mild hypothermia therapy (MHT). The scores of NIHSS were assessed and NSE and SOD in serum were examined before treatment and 7, 14 and 30 days after treatment in two groups.ResultsThe NIHSS score of the treatment group was significantly lower than that of the control group ( P<0.05), and NSE level decreased, SOD vitality increased in the treatment group. Other indexes such as respiratory, pulse, serum kalium and etc of two groups were not different ( P>0.05).ConclusionMHT can improve he nerve function of patients with large-area cerebral infarction recovering and improve prognosis.

Bosentan is a non-selective endothelin receptor antagonist,which plays an important role in the treatment of children with pulmonary arterial hypertension.Bosentan has shown to improve exercise capacity,hemodynamics and reduce pulmonary vascular resistance in pediatric patients.The main adverse effect is less severely comparing with the adult.The combination of bosentan with other drugs can improve the life quality furtherly.Further study of large-scale trials needs focus on the long-effects of bosentan,the ideal period of therapy and the effects of combination therapy in children.

Objective To investigate the effects of different processing methods on the appearance, quality components and processing efficiency of Lonicera macranthoides that produced in Guizhou Province, in order to provide basis for the optimization of processing methods. Methods Eleven processing methods were used such as the traditional method group (sun drying, sun drying after steaming, drying in shade, and drying in shade after steaming), constant temperature drying group (50, 60, 70, and 80 ℃) and variable temperature drying group (50→60 ℃, 50→70 ℃, 50→80 ℃). Then the indicators such as color, aroma, moisture, total ash, acid insoluble ash, chlorogenic acid, total saponins, processing time, and drying rate were measured. Results According to all the indicators, the comprehensive correlation degree of the 50 ℃ and the variable temperature drying method was between 0.94 and 0.96, which was much higher than other methods, and the comprehensive correlation degree of 50→60 ℃ degrees was the highest, reaching 0.959 8. Conclusion In conclusion variable temperature drying method is a better processing method for L. macranthoides. This method can be used as an important technical means for large-scale processing.

AIM: To compare the efficacy and safety of bevacizumab with mitomycin ( MMC ) in augmenting trabeculectomy for glaucoma.
METHODS: Databases including PubMed, CBM, CNKI, VIP and WanFang Data were electronically searched for all randomized controlled trials ( RCTs) about comparing the efficacy and safety between bevacizumab and MMC in augmenting trabeculectomy for glaucoma before the date of Jun. 2016. Two reviewers independently screened literatures according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and evaluated the included studies. Then, Meta-analysis was performed.
RESULTS: A total 4 RCT involving 286 eyes ( 143 for bevacizumab group, 143 for MMC group) were included. The results of Meta-analysis showed that there was no significant difference between bevacizumab and MMC in the last follow-up after surgery in IOP (WMD=2. 21, 95%CI: -0.17 to 4.58, P=0.07), complete success rate (OR=0. 69, 95%CI:0. 26 to 1. 81, P=0. 45) and the numbers of anti-glaucoma medicine ( OR= 0. 12, 95%CI: -0. 15 to 0.39,P=0. 39). And there was no significant difference between bevacizumab and MMC in postoperative complications:hypotony (OR=0.7, 95%CI:0.12 to 4.05, P=0.69), bleb leak (OR=1, 95%CI: 0. 21 to 4. 74,P=1), encapsulated bleb (OR=1. 15, 95%CI: 0. 38 to 3. 44, P=0.81), choroidal detachment (OR=1. 22, 95%CI: 0. 29 to 5.22, P=0. 78) and cataract (OR=1. 15, 95%CI: 0. 38 to 3.44, P=0. 81).
CONCLUSION: Bevacizumab and MMC in augmenting trabeculectomy for glaucoma have similar efficacy and safety. Bevacizumab can't result in better outcome in term of IOP reduction. Clinicians should choose suitable solution according to disease characteristics.

Objective To comprehend the action mechanism of simvastatin in pulmonary hypertension(PH)when it induced by high pulmonary blood flow.Methods Abdominal aorta-inferior vena cava shunting was made in rats to establish animal model of PH induced by high pulmonary blood flow,simvastatin with dose of 2 mg/(kg?d)was used to interfere for 11 weeks.And then,pulmonary arterial pressure,apoptosis rate and proliferation rate of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cell were determined.Results were compared with other groups.Results Simvastatin could cut down the pulmonary arterial pressure well,pulmonary arterial pressures of simvastatin group rats were lower than those of spliting groups obviously(Pa