The olfactory bulb(OB)is the first relay station in the olfactory system and functions as a crucial hub.It can represent odor information precisely and accurately in an ever-changing environment.As the only output neurons in the OB,mitral/tufted cells encode information such as odor identity and concentration.Recently,the neural strategies and mechanisms underlying odor representation and encoding in the OB have been investigated extensively.Here we review the main progress on this topic.We first review the neurons and circuits involved in odor representation,including the different cell types in the OB and the neural circuits within and beyond the OB.We will then discuss how two different coding strategies—spatial coding and temporal coding—work in the rodent OB.Finally,we discuss potential future directions for this research topic.Overall,this review provides a comprehensive description of our current understanding of how odor information is represented and encoded by mitral/tufted cells in the OB.

Bronchiectasis has the characteristics of long course,gradual aggravation,easy recurrence and difficult to treat.The characteristics are similar to those arouse by incubative pathogenic factors.Based on the theory of incubative pathogenic factors,this disease is often related to the incubative pathogenic factors in the body's areas with deficient healthy qi,which occur at regular times.The etiology can be external,congenital,or internal.Treatment should focus on different characteristics of incubative pathogenic factors.Attention should be paid to clearing and dispersing in external pathogenic factors,while attention should be paid to supporting and promoting healthy qi in congenital pathogenic factors,and do not forget to remove internal pathogenic factors.

Objective:To investigate the expression level of bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (BST2) in patients with glioblastoma (GBM) gene and its correlation with DNA methylation level and prognosis.Methods:The datasets of GBM samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database (35 cases), GSE22891 cohort (50 cases) within Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and China Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) database (105 cases), and non-tumor brains (NTB) (10 cases in TCGA database, 6 cases in GSE22891 cohort, 5 cases in CGGA database were used to make comparisons of gene expression level; 25 cases in GSE63347 cohort, 4 cases in GSE22891 cohort, 8 cases in CGGA database were used to make comparisons of methylation data). Based on gene expression chip and DNA methylation microarray data from public GBM databases, the expression level of BST2 gene in GBM and the association with non-CpG island DNA methylation, GBM molecular subtypes [CpG island methylation phenotype (G-CIMP) and non-G-CIMP proneural, neural, classical, mesenchymal], overall survival (OS) time and functional gene expression profiles were obtained by using intra-group comparison of BST2 gene expression level between GBM and NTB, survival analysis, and bioinformatic analysis.Results:Compared with NTB samples, BST2 mRNA was highly expressed in GBM (mRNA expression data were based on Z-score standardization) (TCGA database vs. GSE63347 cohort: -0.97±1.14 vs. -2.32±0.21, t = 3.74, P < 0.05; GSE22891 cohort: 9.03±1.28 vs. 7.18±0.22, t = 3.42, P < 0.05; CGGA database: -0.43±1.11 vs. -0.62±0.35, t = 2.09, P < 0.05). In TCGA database, BST2 mRNA was highly expressed in different tumor molecular subgroups (G-CIMP: -1.96±0.94; non-G-CIMP proneural: -1.74±0.88; neural: -0.83±0.98; classical: 0.71±1.18; mesenchymal: -0.55±1.01), which were compared with NTB samples (-2.32±0.21), and the differences were statistically significant (all P < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in the expressions of BST2 mRNA in the neural, classical, mesenchymal tumors (all P > 0.05), but the expression of BST2 mRNA in above three groups was higher than that in G-CIMP group and non-G-CIMP proneural group (all P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that non-CpG island DNA methylation level of BST2 was negatively correlated with the expression of its mRNA (TCGA database: r = -0.30, P < 0.05; GSE22891 cohort: r = -0.54, P < 0.05; CGGA database: r = -0.29, P > 0.05). Survival analysis showed that BST2 mRNA expression level of non-G-CIMP and non-proneural patients was negatively associated with OS ( HR = 1.18, 95% CI 1.00-1.39, P < 0.05); among those tumors with G-CIMP or proneural subtypes, BST2 mRNA expression was not associated with OS ( HR = 1.08, 95% CI 0.84-1.40, P > 0.05). Bioinformatic analysis showed that among non-G-CIMP and non-proneural samples of TCGA database, GBM samples with higher BST2 expression were enriched with functional gene sets related to negative regulation of immune responses and activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway. Conclusions:The upregulated expression of BST2 gene in GBM may be associated with non-CpG island DNA hypomethylation alteration. BST2 gene may become a potential prognostic biomarker for non-G-CIMP and non-proneural GBM.

Programmed cell death (PCD) is a genetically determined, active and orderly cell death in the organism, and it affects the evolution of the organism, maintenance of its homeostasis, and development of several tissues and organs. The abnormal regulation of this process is closely related to various human diseases, including cancer. The identified pathways of PCD include apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, which can be activated when cells are stimulated by various internal and external environmental factors. These pathways can induce cell death or maintain cell survival in kidney cancer cells under the regulation of various signaling molecules, thus affecting tumor progression or therapeutic efficacy. In this paper, the role of these PCD pathways in the development of kidney cancer was reviewed in light of recent research advances to provide new directions for the in-depth study of the pathogenesis of kidney cancer and the development of targeted antitumor drugs.

OBJECTIVETo summarize the experience of minimally invasive treatment in 520 patients with intracranial aneurysms on a retrospective study.

METHODSThe measures used in the treatment of 520 patients were reviewed in terms of timing of surgery, induced-hypotensive anesthesia, brain protection combined with temporal occlusion of the feeding artery, external drainage of CSF, dynamic monitoring of intracranial pressure, blood flow velocity, serum osmolality and CT scanning, anti-vasospasm therapy as well as selected interventional endovascular embolization of aneurysms.

RESULTSOf the 520 patients, 485 were treated with either direct clipping or endovascular embolization and 35 patients were treated non-surgically. In 449 patients undergoing direct clipping and 36 undergoing endovascular embolization, intraoperative rupture of aneurysm occurred in 27 (6.0%) and 0%, respectively. Death occurred in 13 (2.6%), hemiplegia in 8 (1.6%), and vegetative state in 2 (0.4%). The operative mortality of direct clipping was 3.8% in 210 patients before 1990 and 1.8% in 275 patients after 1990 (36 patients undergoing endovascular embolization, the operative mortality was 0%).

CONCLUSIONThe outcome of patients with intacranial aneurysms can be markedly improved and the operative mortality can be lowered by minimally invasive treatment.

Adult ; Aneurysm, Ruptured ; mortality ; therapy ; Embolization, Therapeutic ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; mortality ; surgery ; Intraoperative Complications ; mortality ; Male ; Microsurgery ; Middle Aged ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate ; Treatment Outcome

Objective:To explore the curative efficacy of Dingke Decoction in the treatment of post infectious cough based on the the real-world clinical data.Methods:Retrospective cohort study was conducted. 245 patients with cough after infection in the hospital of Jingan Chinese Medical Hospital from July 2021 to July 2022 were set as study objects. The fact that whether the patients with Dingke Decoction or not were divided into control group (90 cases, without Dingke Decoction) and treatment group (155 cases, with Dingke Decoction). By using propensity nearest neighbor 1:1 matching to balance the confounding factors before treatment, 56 cases were successfully matched in both groups. The control group was treated symptomatically according to the actual clinical situation, while the treatment group was treated with modified Dingke Decoction on the basis of symptomatic treatment in the control group. The treatment for both groups lasted for 2 weeks. TCM symptom scores and cough severity score were evaluated using the Leicester Cough Quality of Life Questionnaire (LCQ) before and after treatment. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were detected through ELISA; adverse reactions during the treatment were recorded, and the clinical efficacy was evaluated.Results:The total effective rate of the treatment group was 91.07% (51/56), while that of the control group was 76.79% (43/56), with a statistically significant difference between the two groups ( χ2=4.24, P=0.040). The daytime cough symptom score (1.03 ± 0.67 vs. 1.20 ± 0.66, t=7.40) and nighttime cough symptom score (0.74 ± 0.62 vs. 1.26 ± 0.54, t=6.27) in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group after treatment ( P<0.001). After treatment, the LCQ physiological (5.30 ± 0.79 vs. 4.78 ± 1.09, t=-2.44), psychological (5.33 ± 0.92 vs. 4.70 ± 1.12, t=-2.39), and social (5.23 ± 0.94 vs. 4.60 ± 0.81, t=-2.86) scores in the treatment group were higher than those in the control group ( P<0.05). After treatment, he treatment group serum IL-6 [(14.29 ± 3.94) ng/L vs. (19.99 ± 5.17) ng/L, t=4.80] and TNF-α [(36.23 ± 7.83) ng/L vs. (42.44 ± 7.63) ng/L, t=3.11] were lower than those in the control group ( P<0.01). The incidence of adverse reactions in the control group was 8.92% (5/56) and 5.36% (3/56), respectively, without statistical significance ( χ2=0.54, P=0.716). Conclusion:Based on the real-world research method, medicine Dingke Decoction can improve the clinical efficacy and the quality life of post infectious cough patients, and the mechanism may be related to reducing airway inflammation response.

Metformin, a first-line drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus, has been recognized as a potential anti-tumor agent in recent years. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), as the dominant catechin in green tea, is another promising adjuvant agent for tumor prevention. In the present work, the potential effect of EGCG on the anti-tumor efficacy of metformin in a mouse melanoma cell line (B16F10) was investigated. Results indicated that EGCG and metformin exhibited a synergistic effect on cell viability, migration, and proliferation, as well as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/nuclear factor-κB (STAT3/NF-κB) pathway signaling and the production of inflammation cytokines. Meanwhile, the combination showed an antagonistic effect on cell apoptosis and oxidative stress levels. The combination of EGCG and metformin also differentially affected the nucleus (synergism) and cytoplasm (antagonism) of B16F10 cells. Our findings provide new insight into the potential effects of EGCG on the anti-tumor efficacy of metformin in melanoma cells.

Docynia longiunguis is a plant uniquely present in China and is of high edible and medicinal value. The analysis of its chloroplast genome will help clarify the phylogenetic relationship among Docynia and facilitate the development and utilization of D. longiunguis resources. Based on the alignment of chloroplast genome sequences of related species, the phylogeny and codon preference were analyzed. The total length of D. longiunguis chloroplast genome sequence was 158 914 bp (GenBank accession number is MW367027), with an average GC content of 36.7%. The length of the large single-copy (LSC), the small single-copy (SSC), and inverted repeats (IRs) are 87 020 bp, 19 156 bp, and 26 369 bp, respectively. A total of 102 functional genes were annotated, including 72 protein-coding genes, 26 tRNA genes, and 4 rRNA genes. The best model for constructing phylogenetic tree was TVM+F+R2. D. longiunguis and Docynia indica were clustered into a single group, while Docynia and Malus were clustered into a single group. Comparison of the chloroplast genome sequences of D. longiunguis and its five related species revealed that trnY (GUA)-psbD, ndhC-trnV (UAC), accD-psaI, psbZ-trnfM (CAU), ndhF-trnL gene regions varied greatly. The nucleic acid diversity analysis showed that there were 11 high variation areas with nucleotide variability > 0.01, all were located in the LSC and SSC regions. Except for D. longiunguis, the trnH genes in other sequences were located at the IRs/LSC junction and did not cross the boundary. Codon preference analysis showed that D. longiunguis chloroplast genome has the largest number of isoleucine (Ile) codons, up to 1 205. D. longiunguis has the closest genetic relationship with Malus baccata, Malus sieboldii, Malus hupehensis and Chaenomeles sinensis. Its chloroplast genome codon prefers to end with A/T. The chloroplast genome of D. longiunguis and other Rosaceae chloroplast genomes showed great differences in gene distribution in four boundary regions, while relatively small differences from the chloroplast genomes of Docynia delavayi and D. indica of the same genus were observed. The genome annotation, phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignment of chloroplast genome of D. longiunguis may facilitate the identification, development and utilization of this species.
Codon Usage ; Genome, Chloroplast ; Genomics ; Phylogeny ; Rosaceae

ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the effect of modified Baitouwengtang （MBTWD） on tumor growth and the number of tumor-associated macrophages （TAMs） in tumor tissue of MC38 cell tumor-bearing mice with colorectal cancer and explores whether MBTWD mediates the remodeling of TAM phenotype to play an immunologically antitumor effect. MethodFirstly， The C57BL/6 mouse tumor model grafted subcutaneously was established， and then model mice were classified into a model group， positive control group（3 mg·kg^-1）， and MBTWD groups with high and low dosages（23.43、46.86 g·kg^-1）， with 10 mice in each group. In addition， 10 healthy mice were set as the blank group， and the changes in body weight， tumor volume， and survival status of mice in each group were observed. Tumor tissue， spleen， and peripheral blood were collected to calculate the tumor volume change， tumor inhibition rate， and spleen mass. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the morphological changes of tumor tissue， and an immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the expression levels of CD4， CD8， and CD206 in tumor tissues of tumor-bearing mice. The secretion levels of transforming growth factor （TGF）-β， interleukin （IL）-6， and chemokine （C-C Motif） ligand 2 （CCL2） in peripheral serum were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. Secondly， a co-culture model induced by IL-4 in vitro of MC38 cells and murine monocytic macrophage RAW264.7 cells was established. Cell proliferation and activity assay （CCK-8） was used to detect the inhibitory effect of MBTWD containing serum on cell proliferation. A transwell experiment was used to detect the effect of IL-4-induced M2 macrophages on the invasion of MC38 cells. Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of CD86 on the membrane of M2 macrophages induced by IL-4 with MBTWD containing serum. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） was used to detect the effect of MBTWD containing serum on the mRNA expression levels of M1 macrophage-related polarization factors CD86， nitric oxide synthase （iNOS）， and IL-12， as well as M2 macrophage-related polarization factors CD206， CD163， and IL-10 after co-cultivation. Finally， the protein expression levels of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor （CSF1R）， stimulator of interferon genes （STING）， and TANK binding kinase 1 （TBK1） in tumor tissues of tumor-bearing mice were detected by Western blot. ResultIn vivo experimental results show that compared with the model group， the MBTWD can significantly inhibit the tumor growth of tumor-bearing mice. Immunofluorescence experiments show that the MBTWD can increase the number of CD8⁺ T cell infiltration in tumor tissue of tumor-bearing mice， reduce the number of CD206⁺ TAMs infiltration， and down-regulate the secretion levels of cytokines IL-6， TGF-β， and CCL2 in peripheral blood of tumor-bearing mice. The results of in vitro experiments show that the MBTWD containing serum has no obvious inhibitory effect on cell proliferation， but the cell supernatant after co-cultivation with RAW264.7 cells can inhibit the proliferation activity of MC38 cells， and the invasion ability of MC38 cells is enhanced by IL-4-induced M2 macrophages. However， this effect can be inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by the MBTWD containing serum. At the same time， the results of Real-time PCR show that the MBTWD containing serum can up-regulate the mRNA expression levels of M1 macrophage-related polarization factors CD86， iNOS， and IL-12 and down-regulate those of M2 macrophage-related polarization factors CD206， CD163， and IL-10. Flow cytometry results also confirm that the MBTWD containing serum can increase the number of repolarized CD86⁺ M1 macrophages， indicating that MBTWD can induce M2 macrophages to repolarized M1 macrophages to play an anti-tumor growth role. Finally， Western blot results show that MBTWD can down-regulate the expression of CSF1R protein and up-regulate that of STING and TBK1 proteins in tumor tissue of tumor-bearing mice. ConclusionMBTWD can down-regulate the infiltration number of CD206⁺ TAMs and increase the infiltration of CD8⁺ T cells， thereby playing an immunologically antitumor effect on the growth inhibition of colorectal cancer， which may be related to regulating CSF1R signaling and then activating STING/TBK1 signaling pathway to induce phenotypic remodeling of TAMs.

With the progress of science and technology and the increase of clinical demand, medical robots have developed rapidly and played a important role in promoting the medical cause. Service robot is a branch of medical robot, which is mainly oriented to medical service and assistance needs, and has been applied in many medical scenarios and achieved demonstration effects. This research first describes the development of medical service robots, and then summarizes the key technologies and clinical applications of robots. Finally, it points out the challenges and directions that medical service robots face at present, and puts forward prospects for their further development in the medical field.
Robotics ; Technology