Humans ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/drug therapy* ; Uric Acid

Humans ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/drug therapy* ; Neurons ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases

Humans ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/drug therapy* ; Benzofurans/therapeutic use* ; Double-Blind Method ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo determine the effects of wild-type mouse bone marrow stem cells transplants on survival time and motor functions in the human mutant SOD1-G93A mouse model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

METHODSBone marrow stem cells derived from the wild-type male mice were delivered intravenously into 25 ALS transgenic female mice (carrying the human SOD1 gene with Gly 93 Ala mutation) that had been pretreated with 5.5-6.5 Gy gamma-ray 5-7 days before. The onset time of limbs paralysis, lifespan and the graft versus host disease (GVHD) symptoms were observed in the treated group and statistically compared with control group of 15 media-injected ALS transgenic mice. The Sry gene (sex determine region on the Y chromosome) were detected by polymerase chain reaction technique in the blood sample of treated female ALS mice after 8 weeks of transplantation. A series of animal motor tests including rotating rods, rotated wheel and extension reflex were performed in both two groups at the same age of 16-17 weeks to assess the mice survival motor functions. Results A few treated mice (7/25) had different clinical presentations of GVHD. The semi-quantity evaluation score of average GVHD among the treated ALS mice was not over 1-2. The detection of Sry gene on these treated female ALS group was positive. The average onsets of limb paralysis and survival time were prolonged for about 5 weeks. At the age of 16-17 weeks, the motor function in the treated group was significantly better than in the ALS control group (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSTransplantation of wild-type mice bone marrow stem cells can prolong survival in the recipient mice and ameliorate motor dysfunction. Intravenous administration of normal bone marrow stem cells may have therapeutic values for ALS.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ; surgery ; Animals ; Female ; Graft vs Host Disease ; drug therapy ; Male ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Survival Rate

BACKGROUNDAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive death of the upper and lower motor neurons. Transgenic mice over-expressing a mutant form of the human SOD1 gene develop an ALS-like phenotype. Currently, there is no effective treatment or drug for the fatal disease. Previous studies reported potent efficacy of dl-3-n-butylphthalide (DL-NBP) for several neurodegenerative disorders and cerebral ischemia. SOD1-G93A mice are a mouse model of ALS. In this study, we investigated the efficacy of DL-NBP on this ALS mouse model.

METHODSSixty SOD1-G93A female mice were divided into four groups. The vehicle control group received 0 mg×kg(-1)×d(-1) DL-NBP. The experimental groups received DL-NBP with doses of 30, 60 or 120 mg×kg(-1)×d(-1), respectively. For measurement of motor activity, the hanging wire test and rotarod test were performed. Survival statistics were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival curves. The body weight of each mouse was recorded twice per week. The statistical motor unit number estimation (MUNE) technique was used to estimate the number of functioning motor units in gastrocnemius muscle. Muscle morphology was evaluated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Motor neuron quantitation was performed by Nissl staining and microglia activation was observed by immunohistochemistry.

RESULTSOral administration of 60 mg×kg(-1)×d(-1)1 DL-NBP significantly prolonged survival ((164.78 ± 16.67) days) of SOD1-G93A mice compared with vehicle control ((140.00 ± 16.89) days). Treating mice with DL-NBP (60 mg×kg(-1)×d(-1)) significantly decreased the progression rate of motor deficits and suppressed body weight reduction. Furthermore, we found that treating SOD1-G93A mice with DL-NBP (60 mg×kg(-1)×d(-1)) slowed the rate of MUNE reduction (P < 0.01). Motor neurons were remarkably preserved in the anterior horns in mice treated with DL-NBP (60 mg×kg(-1)×d(-1)) at the stage of 19 weeks (P < 0.01). Treating mice with DL-NBP (60 mg×kg(-1)×d(-1)) significantly reduced CD11b immunoreactivity compared with vehicle control mice (P < 0.05). No significant effect was observed in mice treated with DL-NBP of 30 or 120 mg×kg(-1)×d(-1).

CONCLUSIONSThe post-disease-onset administration of DL-NBP significantly prolonged survival and improved motor performance in SOD1-G93A mice. DL-NBP may be a potential therapeutic agent for ALS.

Administration, Oral ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ; drug therapy ; Animals ; Benzofurans ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) with oral solubilized formula in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, patients with probable or definite ALS were randomized to receive oral solubilized UDCA (3.5 g/140 mL/day) or placebo for 3 months after a run-in period of 1 month and switched to receive the other treatment for 3 months after a wash-out period of 1 month. The primary outcome was the rate of progression, assessed by the Appel ALS rating scale (AALSRS), and the secondary outcomes were the revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R) and forced vital capacity (FVC). Fifty-three patients completed either the first or second period of study with only 16 of 63 enrolled patients given both treatments sequentially. The slope of AALSRS was 1.17 points/month lower while the patients were treated with UDCA than with placebo (95% CI for difference 0.08-2.26, P = 0.037), whereas the slopes of ALSFRS-R and FVC did not show significant differences between treatments. Gastrointestinal adverse events were more common with UDCA (P < 0.05). Oral solubilized UDCA seems to be tolerable in ALS patients, but we could not make firm conclusion regarding its efficacy, particularly due to the high attrition rate in this cross-over trial.
Administration, Oral ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/*drug therapy ; Cholagogues and Choleretics/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Cross-Over Studies ; Double-Blind Method ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Placebo Effect ; Severity of Illness Index ; Ursodeoxycholic Acid/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Vital Capacity/drug effects

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a heterogenous group of membrane-bound particles, are virtually secreted by all cells and play important roles in cell-cell communication. Loaded with proteins, mRNAs, non-coding RNAs and membrane lipids from their donor cells, these vesicles participate in normal physiological and pathogenic processes. In addition, these subcellular vesicles are implicated in the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Accumulating evidence suggests that intercellular communication via EVs is responsible for the propagation of key pathogenic proteins involved in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's diseases, Alzheimer's diseases and other neurodegenerative disorders. For therapeutic perspective, EVs present advantage over other synthetic drug delivery systems or cell therapy; ability to cross biological barriers including blood brain barrier (BBB), ability to modulate inflammation and immune responses, stability and longer biodistribution with lack of tumorigenicity. In this review, we summarized the current state of EV research in central nervous system in terms of their values in diagnosis, disease pathology and therapeutic applications.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy ; Central Nervous System ; Diagnosis ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Extracellular Vesicles* ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Membrane Lipids ; Neurodegenerative Diseases* ; Pathology ; RNA, Messenger ; RNA, Untranslated ; Tissue Donors

Mammalian cells remove misfolded proteins using various proteolytic systems, including the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome system (UPS), chaperone mediated autophagy (CMA) and macroautophagy. The majority of misfolded proteins are degraded by the UPS, in which Ub-conjugated substrates are deubiquitinated, unfolded and cleaved into small peptides when passing through the narrow chamber of the proteasome. The substrates that expose a specific degradation signal, the KFERQ sequence motif, can be delivered to and degraded in lysosomes via the CMA. Aggregation-prone substrates resistant to both the UPS and the CMA can be degraded by macroautophagy, in which cargoes are segregated into autophagosomes before degradation by lysosomal hydrolases. Although most misfolded and aggregated proteins in the human proteome can be degraded by cellular protein quality control, some native and mutant proteins prone to aggregation into beta-sheet-enriched oligomers are resistant to all known proteolytic pathways and can thus grow into inclusion bodies or extracellular plaques. The accumulation of protease-resistant misfolded and aggregated proteins is a common mechanism underlying protein misfolding disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), prion diseases and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). In this review, we provide an overview of the proteolytic pathways in neurons, with an emphasis on the UPS, CMA and macroautophagy, and discuss the role of protein quality control in the degradation of pathogenic proteins in neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we examine existing putative therapeutic strategies to efficiently remove cytotoxic proteins from degenerating neurons.
Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy/metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/drug therapy/metabolism ; Animals ; Autophagy/drug effects ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Huntington Disease/drug therapy/genetics/metabolism ; Lysosomes/metabolism ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Neurodegenerative Diseases/drug therapy/*metabolism ; Parkinson Disease/drug therapy/metabolism ; PrPSc Proteins/metabolism ; Prion Diseases/drug therapy/metabolism ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism ; Proteolysis ; Proteostasis Deficiencies/metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; Ubiquitin/metabolism ; alpha-Synuclein/metabolism ; tau Proteins/metabolism