We report two patients who complained of transient anterograde amnesia and repetitive questioning, that developed after taking zolpidem and lasted for several hours. The clinical manifestations of these patients fulfill the clinical criteria for transient global amnesia (TGA). The typical clinical manifestation of TGA following the consumption of zolpidem suggests a possible relationship associated with its drug mechanism.
Amnesia, Anterograde ; Amnesia, Transient Global ; Humans

No abstract available.
Amnesia, Anterograde* ; Animals ; Cholinergic Agents* ; Electroshock* ; Rats*

We report a case of profound amnesia, anterograde and retrograde, in a patient, who had been premedicated with midazolam and underwent a posterior fusion of the cervical spine under inhalation anesthesia. The patient's memory was restored immediately after intravenous injections of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil.
Amnesia ; Amnesia, Anterograde ; Amnesia, Retrograde* ; Anesthesia, Inhalation ; Benzodiazepines ; Flumazenil* ; Humans ; Injections, Intravenous ; Memory ; Midazolam* ; Spine

OBJECTIVES: Although bronchoscopy is an important diagnostic tool for lung disease, patients compliance is low due to discomfort. Recently, midazolam which has a favorable anterograde amnesia effect and short action duration, has been used to relieve patients discomfort during bronchoscopy. Midazolam was investigated in order to see the beneficial effect and safety during bronchoscopy. METHODS: The study design was single blind, randomized, prospective. 102 patients were included, in whom bronchoscopy was performed between June, 19% and October, 1995 at Samsung Medical Center. They were categorized into midazolam group and control group. Patients were asked about the amnesic effect, discomfort of procedure and the willingness to repeat procedure. The consciousness level of patients during procedure, patient cooperation during procedure and ease of procedure were also reported by bronchoscopists. RESULTS: 1) The difference of oxygen saturation between two groups: There was no significant difference in oxygen saturation between midazolam group and control group before and after bronchoscopy. During procedure, however, mean oxygen saturations in midazolam group (90+/-6.4%) was significantly lower than in control group (93+/-4.7%)(p<0.05). 2) Evaluations by patients (1) Effect of amnesia: 41 patients (82%) in midazolam group could not recall the procedure but 52 patients (100%) recalled the entire procedure in control group. A favorable amnesic effects could be found in midazolam group(p<0.05). {2) The discomfort during the procedure: 43 patents(86%) did not experience discomfort from procedure in midazolam group but 25 patients(48%) complained of discomfort in control group (p<0.05). (3) Most patients except two(96%) were willing to repeat fiberoptic bronchoscopy in midazolam group but 13 patients (25%) answered that they would never repeat bronchoscapy. There was a statistically significant difference between two groups in the willingness to repeat bronchocopy (p<0.05). 3) The evaluations by bronchoscopists Cooperations of the patients and ease of procedure were not different between two groups. The patients in midazolam group except eight could not respond to verbal stimuli but most patients were awakened during procedure in control group(p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Midazolam is a good sedative agent for a patient to give a favorable amnesia, reduction of discomfort during bronchoscopy. We concluded that midazolam is a safe and useful sedative agent and midazolam may be used routinely during bronchoscopy. Monitoring of oxygen saturation, however, is essential to prevent severe hypoxia during procedure.
Amnesia ; Amnesia, Anterograde ; Anoxia ; Bronchoscopy* ; Compliance ; Consciousness ; Humans ; Lung Diseases ; Midazolam* ; Oxygen ; Patient Compliance ; Prospective Studies*

Dot-like hippocampal hyperintensities on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been reported as an interesting imaging finding of transient global amnesia (TGA). We report three patients with such dot-like hippocampal hyperintensities who did not present with anterograde amnesia. Episodes associated with the Valsalva maneuver such as nausea or vomiting might have produced the dot-like hippocampal hyperintensities in these patients. However, depending on the individual susceptibility to hippocampal lesions, clinical symptoms of TGA might not be present even when hippocampal lesions are present.
Amnesia, Anterograde ; Amnesia, Transient Global* ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging* ; Nausea ; Valsalva Maneuver ; Vomiting

BACKGROUND: The dot-like hippocampal signal intensity in diffusion-weighted MR images is well-known as a characteristic imaging feature in transient global amnesia, a neurological syndrome in which sudden forward-and-backward memory loss occurs that is slowly recovered within 24 hours. We here report on patients with this dot-like hippocampal hyperintensity who did not present with anterograde amnesia except for headaches. CASE REPORT: Two women without a specific medical history presented with sudden-onset headaches on the same day. Neither had any trauma or infection history before the symptom or any sudden emotional or postural changes. Brain MRI showed tiny hippocampal high signal intensity on diffusion-weighted images (DWI). CONCLUSIONS: Dot-like hippocampal lesions seen on DWI may be present without memory impairment, and more studies are needed to determine whether there is any association with headache as in this case.
Amnesia, Anterograde ; Amnesia, Transient Global* ; Brain ; Diffusion* ; Female ; Headache* ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Memory ; Memory Disorders

The effect of inhalation anesthetics on memory was studied using 26 male Sprague-Dawley rats. In the control group the trained rats were tested the first performance time of T-maze and left them to anesthetic chamber for 120min. and checked second performance time 24hours later (Group A). For the experimental group the first performance time was tested and animals were exposed to the anesthetics (1% Halothane with N20:02=2:1) for 120min. and checked second performance time 24hours after cessation of exposure to evaluate retrograde amnesia (Group B). For the test of anterograde amnesia (Group C) rats were anesthetized before test the first performance time and checked second performance time 24hours later. The mean perfor- mance ratio (II/I) (i.e., I is the score in the first performance time and II is the score in the second performance time) was compared between anesthetized and non-anesthetized control group. In the group A the ratio was 102.8+/-19 but in group B it was 96.4+/-13 during anesthesia, 79.+/-19 after anesthesia and 92.3+/-11 in overaU anesthetized group, and was 100.2+/-17 in group C. All data of group B were significantly different with group A (p<0.01). But no statistical difference between group C and A was observed (p=0.174). These results suggest that post- training exposure to volatile anesthetics facilitates memory and no anterograde amnesia observed by pretraining exposure. These may be volatile anesthetics facilitate memory by enhancement of memory consolidation and/or retention or interference reduction.
Amnesia, Anterograde ; Amnesia, Retrograde ; Anesthesia ; Anesthetics ; Anesthetics, Inhalation* ; Animals ; Halothane ; Humans ; Inhalation* ; Male ; Memory* ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

Zolpidem-induced sleep-related complex behaviors (SRCB) with anterograde amnesia have been reported. We describe herein a case in which the development of zolpidem-induced sleep-related eating disorder (SRED) and SRCB was strongly suspected. A 71-year-old Korean male was admitted to the Department of Psychiatry due to his repetitive SRED and SRCB with anterograde amnesia, which he reported as having occurred since taking zolpidem. The patient also had restless legs syndrome (RLS) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). His baseline serum iron level was low at admission. Zolpidem discontinuation resulted in the immediate disappearance of his SRED, but did not affect his RLS symptoms. These symptoms rapidly improved after adding a single i.v. iron injection once daily, and so he was discharged to day-clinic treatment. These findings indicate that zolpidem can induce SRCB. Although the pathophysiology of zolpidem-induced SRED and other SRCB remains unclear, clinicians should carefully monitor for the potential induction of complex behaviors associated with zolpidem in patients with comorbid RLS or OSA.
Aged ; Amnesia, Anterograde ; Eating* ; Humans ; Iron ; Male ; Restless Legs Syndrome* ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive*

anterograde amnesia. so we evaluate the response of various intravenous sedative agents used to dental surgery and will present the proper protocol of our department.]]>
Amnesia, Anterograde ; Anxiety ; Conscious Sedation ; Consciousness Disorders ; Dizziness ; Headache ; Humans ; Nausea ; Physical Stimulation ; Surgery, Oral ; Vomiting

BACKGROUND: Retrograde amnesia (RA) refers to the failure to recall events that occurred before a brain injury. RA is known to be associated with brain lesions involving the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and the frontal lobe. Anterior thalamic lesion often causes anterograde amnesia but rarely causes RA. The aim of the present study is in two parts . First, we discuss the neuroanatomical perspectives of RA based on our case with severe RA after a right anterior thalamic infarction. Second, we introduce a test for RA termed the "Korean Public Events Recall Test (K-PERT)", which was developed based on famous Korean public events from 1966 to 1997. METHODS: A 62-year-old woman with transient RA after a left anterior thalamic infarction 4 years ago presented severe and persistent RA following a right anterior thalamic infarction. We followed up the patient with neuropsychological tests. We also performed the K-PERT on the patient as well as on 14 women of the same age and education. RESULTS: Neuropsychological tests showed severe impairment in autobiographical memory with frontal lobe dysfunction. On K-PERT, the normal controls scored 13.7 +/- 3.7 in recall and 21.2 +/- 3.1 in recognition out of a maximum score of 30, whereas the patient obtained only 3/30 and 4/30, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In our case, RA might have resulted from damage to the pathway that retrieves old memories, which are stored in the frontal lobe. Thus, anterior thalamus might be viewed as the gate of memory engram. Further studies are needed to elaborate the usefulness of K-PERT as an objective tool for investigating remote memory.
Amnesia, Anterograde ; Amnesia, Retrograde* ; Brain ; Brain Injuries ; Education ; Entorhinal Cortex ; Female ; Frontal Lobe ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Infarction* ; Memory ; Memory, Episodic ; Memory, Long-Term ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Thalamus