BackgroundTrauma, traffic accidents are among main concerns to attach greater attention. Prompt medical assistance plays essential role in reducing consequences of road accident, as well as trauma and saving lives. In the recent years the number of traffic accidents has been steadily growing in Mongolia. The traffic accident mortality rate has been increasing.GoalWith this paper we aimed to reveal main difficulties the Emergency Medical Service of Mongolia encounter in providing effective, speedy medical assistance to the injured in road accidents; define ways and opportunities of improving quality of medical help.Materials and methodsWithin the framework of the study, activities have been implemented in three directions. Firstly: At Emergency Medical Service emergency call registration book for 2009-2010 was analyzed. Date, place, the number of victims, age, gender composition, time of emergency assistance arrival at crash scene, length of first and pre- hospital aid rendered at crash scene and others were focused on. It facilitated to determine combined time of emergency call and medical assistance at crash site. In order to define attitude, views of emergency medical personnel data have been collected through individual or group interview.ResultsTotal number traffic accidents registered in emergency medical service were 1618 between 2009 and 2010. Males comprised 65% and 35% females, age ranged between 3-86 (average age 32.8±14). Large number of traffic accidents occurred in Bayanzurh and Songinohairhan districts. Most traffic accidents occurred in April, August and October. Total time spent in emergency medical service in traffic accidents were 28.4±20.3 minutes. 43.6% of total emergency medical service were in 20 minutes but 56.4% were more than 21 minutes.ConclusionThe result of the study indicates that emergency medical assistance arrival is mainly delayed due to many factors including broad range or area of service, insufficient number of doctors, ambulance vehicles, traumatic hospitals and traffic jam. Non-for emergency assistance calls occupying majority of emergency calls can also be attributed as one of negative factors.

Background: Research of histo and cytometry in comparative healthy and pathological condition is not so much in our country. Therefore, it is making a demand to do stereometrical research study on tissues, cells and nucleus.Goal: To study and to determine stereometrical indices, mathematic model of hepatocytes and nucleus in condition of comparatively healthy, acute intoxication, chronic inflammation and cancer of Mongolians.Materials and Methods: It was prepared sections for histometric materials. Linear measurements of hepatocytes and nucleus were carried out by computer-microscope “Leica” with program Diskus 3.2 version from German. On linear measurement in condition of comparatively healthy, acute intoxication, chronic inflammation and cancer were processed by mathematic modeling.Results: Volume distribution of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm χ2st=15.51>χ2 F=4.31; (P<0.001), and hepatocyte’s nucleus χ2 st=12.59>χ2 F=10.74 in comparatively healthy (normal) conditions pursues normal distribution formula, however, the volume of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm and nucleus follows Maxwell formula of abnormal distribution χ2 st=23.68>χ2 F=10.44; (P<0.001), χ2 st=15.51>χ2 F=6.90; (P<0.001) in a condition of acute intoxication and volume of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm and nucleus χ2 st=23.68>χ2 F=8.03; (P<0.001), χ2 st=15.51>χ2 F=4.32; (P<0.001) in a condition of chronic inflammation. And volume distribution of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm χ2 st=8.27>χ2F=19.68; (P<0.001), and hepatocyte’s nucleus χ2st=3.41>χ2F=3.82 incondition of cancer. There is no statistically significant difference (P<0.001) between observation and theoretical frequencies of average values of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm and nucleus volume, which confirms that the result is true and accurate.Conclusions:1. Volume of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm is 2184.18±36.98 mkm3 in comparatively healthy (normal) conditions, 4153.17±84.18 mkm3 in a condition of acute intoxication, 4887.84±75.51 mkm3 in a condition of chronic inflammation and 13143.88±4.29 mkm3 in a cancer condition. Volume of nucleus is 299.94±36.98 mkm3 in comparatively healthy (normal) conditions, 873.59±13.86 mkm3 in a condition of acute intoxication, 888.65±13.51 mkm3 in a condition of chronic inflammation and 2924.57±2.12 mkm3 in a cancer condition.2. Volume of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm was increased 2 times, volume of hepatocyte’s nucleus was increased 3 times in a condition of acute intoxication and volume of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm was increased 2.2 times, volume of hepatocyte’s nucleus was increased 2.9 times (P< 0.001) in a condition of chronic inflammation. However volume of hepatocyte’s cytoplasm was increased 6.5 times, volume of hepatocyte’s nucleus was increased 9.7 times in a condition of cancer.

Studying formation and development of fetal organ system, it has reliable information in medical theory as well as practical importance for the medical diagnosis, treatment and prevention in certain country. Introducing the modern advanced methods of fetal study in our country, it willbe possible to get the necessary information of prenatal organ development, formation and differentiation. Currently, the research works of eyeball development, topography, structures have not been accomplished yet in the Mongolian human fetuses. Therefore, the aim of thiswork was to make an evaluation of the development of the human eye during the fetal life. In our study, the 66 eyeballs of 33 human fetuses were examined.It was observed that the axial length, corneal diameter and equatorial diameter of the eye were increased simultaneously in the early fetal period. In the late period the axial length was increased slightly and equatorial diameter was increased rapidly. In the histological observation, the thickness of the eyeball layers were increased regularly from the early fetal period until the late fetal period. Thickness of the choroid and retina were increasing irregularly. Anti VEGFantibody was high distinguished detected in the choroid and retina in the early fetal period but it was middle distinguished detected in the late fetal period by immunohistochemistry.

INTRODUCTION:In Mongolia, The anatomists researched morphometric measurements and blood supply ofheart in adult’s liver pancreas, spleen, Ren and spinal cord and etc... The study of morphometricmeasurements of the choroid plexus is not being taught in Mongolia.GOAL:To determine the structure of the choroid plexus of adult brain ventricle.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This study obtained choroid plexus size in 84 dead bodies, which is between the adult and childrenfrom cadavers. To determine the choroid plexus morphometric measurements, the total 336specimens were evaluated. The standards deviation of choroid plexus length and thickness werecomputed in different ages.RESULT:In present study, the maximum length and thickness were determined in ages from 22-60. In presentstudy, the minimum length and thickness were determined in ages 0-10day. In adult, the meanchoroid plexus length was 8.61±0.15 cm of the lateral ventricles and 4.47±0.02 cm of the fourthventricles and 0.56±0.140 cm of the third ventricle and the choroid plexus thickness was 0.5±0.03cm of the lateral ventricles and 0.29±0.01 cm of the fourth ventricles and 0.28±0.01 cm of the thirdventricle.CONCLUSIONS:In adult, the mean choroid plexus length was 8.61±0.15 cm of the lateral ventricles and 4.47±0.02cm of the fourth ventricles and 0.56±0.140 cm of the third ventricle and the choroid plexus thicknesswas 0.5±0.03 cm of the lateral ventricles and 0.29±0.01 cm of the fourth ventricles and 0.28±0.01cm of the third ventricle.The choroid plexus weight was 0.51±0.01 gm in the lateral ventricles and 0.42±0.014 gm in thefourth ventricle.

Objective: Mathematical modeling of reference values of internal organs of Mongolians (in vitro) and compare them with results of two and three-dimensional ultrasound measurements.Materials and Methods: Mathematical modeling was done with the methods of interpolation. Ultrasound measurements of internal organs were made with common methods of standard planes and results were analyzed. The basis of mathematical modeling to convert reference values of organs to values of organs in live conditions (in vitro) was elaborated. For example: Heart was modeled with double cylindrical volume with convex surface. Liver was modeled with triangle pyramid (tetrahedron) with concave and convex surface. Kidney was modeled with the shape of rotating ellipse with convex and hollow surface. Spleen was modeled with the shape of cutting pyramid with concave and convex surface. Pancreas was modeled with the shape of cylinder with convex surface. Gallbladder was modeled with the shape of cutting cone with spherical bottom. Following formulas were defined and used for modeling:Where: V-volume, r-modelled average value of 3 dimensions radius of rotation, k-coefficient for converting volume of mathematical models to original volume, P-perimeter, S-calculated bottom square with formula Guron, ϱ- density of tissue, h - height, a - length, b - width, c -thickness, r 1; r2 ;r3 – average value of radius, m - mass, I- total length. Results: Comparative analysis of the volume of internal organs of adult Mongolians determined with the help of mathematical modeling with the volume established with 2D ultrasound linear measurements revealed no statistically significant difference between parenchymal organs and revealed statistically significant difference between other organs (P<0.001).

BACKGROUND: The limbe is a traditional Mongolian instrument that has been used since the ancient times, and the performer uses a unique method called circular breathing to play it. The circular breathing technique is significant heritage of the Mongolian people, and has been recognized by UNESCO World Heritage. Aim: To study the anatomy and physiology that take part in playing the Mongolian limbe with the circular breathing technique. METHODS: We have studied 20 flutists using case control study method. The flutists’ change of gas compound in blood have been studied with a gas analyzer after playing for 10 minutes with the circular breathing. When the flutists play it with circular breathing, the anatomical structures and their function have been studied and documented by an endoscopy, X-ray and a 320 row area detector CT. RESULTS: The 20 participants were between the ages of 22-56 with the circular breathing experience of 2 to 37 years. After playing the instrument for 10 minutes, we found the following results: 67.7% of the participants developed alkolosis, 23.5% hypocapnia, 5.9% hypercapnia, 94.1% hypoxia, and all participants’ oxygen saturation decreased. The lingual muscles, upper and under muscles of the hyoid bone, larynx and vocal cords are the main structures of the circular breathing. CONCLUSION: Playing Mongolian limbe with the circular breathing leads to hypoxia, thus the circular breathing stops. It is important to note that this process does not depend on flutist’s age, their practice time, and their personal technique. However, we concluded that the time of performance without interruption depends on individual’s physiological characteristics. In order to study the issues of anatomy and physiology that take part in playing the Mongolian limbe with the circular breathing, we have studied 20 flutists using case control study method. The flutists’ change of gas compound in blood have been studied with a gas analyzer after playing 10 minutes by the circular breathing. When the flutists play it with circular breathing, the anatomical structures and their function have been studied and documented by an endoscopy and X-ray. The lingual muscles, upper and under muscles of the hyoid bone, larynx and vocal cords take part in the circular breathing by limbe as a main rule. Playing Mongolian limbe with the circular breathing lead to hypoxia thus the circular breathing stops. This process does not depend on flutist’s age, their practice time, and their private technique. But we concluded that how long time they play it without interruption depends on individual’s physiological singularity.

Backround: Biological age score plays an essential role in the evalution of aging process and health status. The study was focused on clarifying relavance of health status scores of a population of Khangai mountain region with geographical and ecological specifics of the places they live. Goal: To determine the grades of aging (GA) and biological age score (BAS) among population (30-69 years) of Zavkhan aimags.Materials and Methods: We examined 1901 men and women aged 30-69 years old in Zavkhan aimags in 2012 and healthy subjects were assessed with physical, physiological variable. The BAS equation was employed to compute the individual BAScores for all subjects. Quantative data has been processed with the use of statistical data processing software SPSS-19. Results: Health scores of 92.1% of male in the age group of 30-39 years, 68.7% of male in the age group of 40-49 years had health problems (in level IV, V ). In all age groups 70.3% -98.6% had normal adaptation and adaptation functional tension. 54.2- 55.1% of both sex in the ages group 60-69 years had unsatisfactory adaptation.Conclusions: Aging process for women in age groups of 50-59, 60-69 years was significantly delayed or delayed. For men of 30-49 ages aging process was accelerated, for men of 50-69 years it was normal or delayed. Health scores of men in the age group of 30-39, 40-49 years is significantly at a lower level (IV,V) and health scores of women all age groups is significantly at a high level (IIII).

BackgroundIn Mongolia scientists have been doing research about skin disease and process of aging. Howeverthere has not enough study material about skin aging process which is the key indicator of aging andhow that affect to Mongolian people.GoalMain purpose is to study correlations between main index of skin type of the body, cardiovascularsystem, biological age, epidermal growth factor and blood plasma melatonin, within the people of Uvsprovincial center as they are relatively healthy people.Material and MethodsResearch works were done using cross sectional study model in years 2015-2016, within randomlychosen 400 citizens of Ulaangom city, counted to be relatively healthy people. Research model includes41 questionnaires, examination and blood plasma samples.Basic indexes of the body, cardiovascular system and respiratory functions were chosen by biomarkers,biological age is determined by V.P.Voytenko’s 4th version method and adaptive capacity assessment isdetermined by R.M.Baevskii’s multi-repeating regression method.Main skin type parameters such as porosity, wrinkles, pigmentation, elastics and aging is determined bythe “BOOMTECH skin diagnosis” digital equipment made in the Republic of Korea.The blood plasma MLT and EGF were measured by the method of ELISA analysis ELISA made in thelaboratory of the “AVITSENNA Science and Technology center”.The study material analysis carried out an analysis using logistic regression analysis and Pearson’scorrelation coefficient with SPSS 23.0 software.ResultThere’s an inverse weak correlation between blood plasma MLT and EGF with body wealth characteristicsof Uvs province citizens. It shows that when the blood plasma MLT and EGF decreases the body weight,body height and body weight index increase tendency.In women the decrease of blood plasma MLT and EGF also decreases the body height and body weightindex.Research on correlation between cardiovascular system and blood plasma MLT and EGF shows thatdecrease of blood plasma MLT causes in increased arterial pressures in both sexual groups, decreasedEGF in women causes decreased arterial pressure.Correlation study between skin main characteristics and blood plasma MLT and EGF shows thatdecreased blood plasma EGF in men resulted in decreased skin wrinkles, porosity, elasticity and skin aging index, in women decreased skin pigmentation and elasticity, and increased skin wrinkles, porosity and aging index in women.Research study of correlation between biological age and adaptive capacity assessment with the blood plasma MLT and EGF shows that decreased MLT and EGF in men results in increased biological age characteristics. In other words, the early aging is caused.The logistical regression analyses made using blood plasma melatonin, skin porosity, biological age,body height and sex as the risk parameters of Pearson coefficient and chi-squared parameter. Above model resulted in skin porosity and blood plasma MLT’s are becoming independent variable assessing the skin aging.Conclusions:1. The decreased MLT and EGF’s are resulted in increased body weight, body height and body weight index in men and decreased body height, body weight index in women.2. Decreased blood plasma MLT resulted in increased arterial pressure in both sexual groups and decreased EGF resulted in decreased arterial pressure in women.3. The decreased blood plasma MLT and EGF results in decreased skin wrinkles, porosity, elasticityand skin aging parameter with the increased skin pigmentation in men, as it results in decreasedskin pigmentation, elasticity and skin porosity parameters with the increased skin aging degree in women.4. When epidermal growth factor and blood plasma melatonin is decreased in men it results in increased biological age, but depends directly to the adaptive capacity assessment.5. Skin porosity and blood plasma melatonin were becoming independent variable to assess skin aging.

Introduction: Khuumii (throat singing) is a unique form of art derived from the nomadic population of Central Asia, producing two or more “simultaneous” sounds and melodies through the organ of speech. Material and Methods: The aim of the study is to identify the anatomical structures involved in the formation of khuumii and the features and patterns of their functions and compare each type of khuumii as performed by Mongolian people. A total of 60 participants aged 18-60 years (54 men and 6 women) were selected by non-random sampling method using cross-sectional study. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23 software using questionnaires, X-ray, endoscopy, sound research method, and general blood tests. Results: 90.7% of the khuumii singers were male and 9.3% were female. The average height of the participants was 172.91±0.93 cm (arithmetic mean and mean error), average body weight was 77.53±2.46 kg, and body mass index was 25.93±5.31 respectively. Heart rate was 92.19±20.71 per minute prior to khuumii while 133.19±19.09 after performing khuumii and 85.81-98.56 at 95% confidence interval. In terms of ethnicity (ethnographically), the Khalkh were the largest ethnic group (72.1%), followed by Bayad, Buryatia, Darkhad, Torguud, and Oirat (2.3%), respectively. 60.5% of the participants were professional khuumii singers who graduated from relevant universities and colleges. The process of Khuumii was recorded by X-ray examination, and laryngeal endoscopy evaluated the movement of true and false vocal chords, interstitial volume, movements of epiglottis and arytenoid cartilage, and mucosa. Khuumii increases the workload of the cardiovascular system by 70-80%. Furthermore, the sound frequency is 2-4 times higher than that of normal speech, and sound volume is 0.5-1 times higher. 95.3% of throat singers did not have a sore throat, 88.4% did not experience heavy breathing, and 74.1% had no hoarseness. During the formation of khuumii sound, thoracic cavity, diaphragm, and lungs regulate the intensity of the air reaching the vocal folds, exert pressure on the airways and vibrate the sound waves through air flows passing through the larynx and vocal folds. Mouth-nose cavity as well as pharynx are responsible for echoing the sound. Conclusion It is appropriate to divide khuumii into two main types according to structural and functional changes in the organs involved; shakhaa and kharkhiraa. Khuumii, the “Human music” originating from the people of Altai Khangai basin by imitating the sounds of nature with their own voice in ancient times, spread all over the world from Mongolia and it is proposed to classify khuumii into two main types of shakhaa and kharkhiraa in terms of structural involvement and functionality.