NEED FOR STUDY AND GOAL: There is no data available on pupil’s health with relation to the school environmental condition and organization of educational activities in Mongolia. Therefore, the goal of the study was to assess organization of the educational activities and conduct hygienic assessment of chemical and bacteriological contamination in the school environment.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1440 children were surveyed in this cross sectional study from the 6 secondary schools of UB city, Uvurhangai and Dornod aimags.Hygiene conditions of school was assessed and organization of educational activities evaluated by class timetable and pupil’s notes of daily regime.RESULT: Timetable of lessons: It was observed that in some cases teachers’ taught to primary pupils Mathematics and Mongolian language for 2 sequential hours, depending on some indexes such as lesson content, capacity and student’s activity. According to timetable of lessons of the secondary schools, pupils have lessons for 32-34 hours in a week. It was revealed that most schools have 2-3 hours more than standard timetable and heavy lessons were taught for 2-3 sequential hours. For the secondary classes, average length of classes was 32-34 hours in a week which indicates 2-3 hours longer timetable. There was no special place for physical training and movement games etc where pupil can do physical exercise, relax and enjoy school life. DAILY REGIME: pupils have been spending most of their time watching TV and listening music and spending few hours to help housework, to read a book and to prepare meal. Urban pupils spent total of 0.5-1 hour for coming to school and going to home but rural pupils spent 20-30 minutes approximately. RESULT OF THE LABORATORY ANALYSIS: The bacteriological analysis of 36 classes in schools showed that before lesson, 94.4% of classes were clean while 5.6% was contaminated in first season of school year. After the lesson, percentage of classes without contamination had been dropped to 88.8% and classes with contamination had been increased to 11.2%. In the 4th season of school year, before lesson 61.6% of classes was clean and 16.6% was contaminated and 22.3% was highly contaminated. Moreover, after the lesson, classes without contamination had been dropped to 27.7% while 72.3% was at high level contamination.CONCLUSION: 1. Time table of lessons and break time management is inadequate in the schools and 32-39.1% of pupils do not follow the daily regime. 2. In the end of day, chemical and bacteriological contamination increased in the classes.

INTRODUSTION: There have been limited research studies done in Mongolia on health status of children in relation to density of children in school classrooms.GOAL: This study aims to evaluate learning ability of children in Mongolia and develop recommendations for next intervention measures.MATERIALS AN METHODS: A total of 1440 children were surveyed in a cross sectional study that included 6 classes from 6 secondary schools of UB city, Uvurhangai and Dornod aimags. The test of letter drawing created by of V.Ya.Anfi mova was used to evaluate the pupil’s learning skills. This test was performed at the fi rst and last classes in each day of which was tested at the beginning (I quarter or September) and end (IV quarter or May) of the academic year.For each tests we accounted the mean of drawing letter, mean of mistake for 500 letter and standard deviation.RESULTS: The results of pupil’s letter drawing tests were compared by quarter for fi rst and last classes in each day. Pupil’s learning ability of class 4 was enough while other classes were not enough (P index 1) on the fi rst and last tests.CONCLUSION: Pupil’s learning ability has been changed by the same way of physiological adaptation process of child.Pupil’s learning ability had been decreased in last tests of each day and on Friday which was revealed by letter drawing test.Pupil’s learning ability of classes between 4 to 9 were not enough on the fi rst term while 4th class was good enough on the forth term (P index 1).

Background:We determined lipid parameters which are the leading causes of developing cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis and investigated the increased serum triglyceride level which is referred to as atherogen triad , decreased high-density lipoprotein and increased low- density lipoprotein associating with age and sex.Method:237 people who were done lipid level parameter tests in the Central Hospital Laboratory were involved in the study. We identifed cholesterol, triglyceride, lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein ( HDL) (COBASC-311,ROCHE,Germany) which are the lipid parameters using full automatic apparatus .Results:While serum cholesterol level increased in the ages between 40-60 and has a tendency to decrease in the further, HDL level was decreasing as the age grew. Serum LDL level has strong direct relevance to cholesterol (r=0.720, p<0.01) and weak relevance to triglyceride (r=0.189,p<0.01). As for the sex, high- density lipoprotein level decreased for men with statistical importance (p<0.05) and there was no signifcant difference in other parameters. LDL level increased for 81.8% , increased cholesterol for 51.1%, raised triglyceride for 27.9% comparing with the normal rate but HDL level was decreased for 32.2% of the participants in the study. These changes mostly occurred at the ages of 40-60. Atherogen triad occurred for 16.5% of the participants and 13(33.3%) of whom were male and 26(66.7%) female.Conclusion:LDL and cholesterol level raised more than the normal rate comparing with other lipid parameters particularly as for 40-60 aged people and atherogen triad which leads to develop atherosclerosis occurs in 16.5% of all adults in the study.

BackroundThe goal of the survey was to determine the prevalence of hypertension and common modifiable risk factors which is constantly increases and in highly lead of blood circulating system diseases among the people of Baynkhongor province in recent years, and also to find a reasonable ways to improve preventive actions for long life expectancy of the province residents.GoalThe goal of the survey was to determine the prevalence of hypertension and common modifiable risk factors among the people above 30 years old of Bayankhongor province.Objectives:1. To determine the prevalence of hypertension among the people above 30 years old of Bayankhongor province2. To determine the risk factors for hypertensionMaterials and Method:The cross-sectional survey used WHO STEPS survey methodology adapted to the countrys specifics. A total of 373 randomly selected above 30 year-old residents involved to the survey that all represented by ages, gender etc.Results:The survey result showed that about 41.3% of the target population who involved in the survey has the prevalence of hypertension and with no difference in all regions too. Men had significantly higher prevalence of hypertension compared to women as well (p=0.029), andit would occurs and happens more with the aging. Total of 34.6% of the target population who have the prevalence of hypertension (p=0.0001) have diagnosed and whereas men at risk about 66%. The survey result showed that the consumption of the pernicious habits of the population is high, and average daily serving of fruits and vegetables were (1.64 unit) once 3 more times less than the WHO recommendation. Daily salt intake was 9.8 grams per person (2 more times higher than the WHO recommendation) and nearly one in two persons were at increased risk for physical inactivity.Conclusions:The survey result showed that about 41.3% of the target population who involved in the survey has the prevalence of hypertension. In conclusion, the summary of combined hypertension risk factors demonstrates that 2 in 3 (65.9%) adults have 1-2 risk factors and 1 in 3 (30%) adults have three or more common modifiable risk factors. Twice as many young men (aged 30-49 years) than women have high 3 more risk factors.

BackgroundHuman-induced climate change will affect the lives of most populations in the next decade and beyond. The impact of meteorological conditions on human health has been reported globally. There is a need to conduct surveys for correlation between climate change and human health.GoalTo study the impact of air temperature on human health in selected aimags and city districts.Materials and MethodsIn order to study how climate change and air quality parameters affect human health we selected Zavhan, Selenge, Dornod, and Umnugobi aimags which represent different climate zones and 2 districts of Ulaanbaatar city during 2009-2011. All data for respiratory system disease J00-J99, circulatory system disease I00-I99, were collected from soum, district’s hospital, and aimag and soum’s Department of health.ResultsDuring the study period, a total number of 8649 incidences of respiratory disease are registered. From them 74.2 percent are influenza and pneumonia (J09-J18), 17.6 percent are other acute lower respiratory infections (J20- J22), and 8.2 percent are asthma (J45-J45.9). For cardiovascular disease 15288 incidences are registered. From them 65.6 percent are hypertensive disease (I10-I15), 23.6 percent are ischemic heart disease, and 10.8 percent are cerebrovascular diseases (I60-I69). The lower the air temperature, higher the incidence of influenza and pneumonia, acute lower respiratory infections, hypertensive, and ischemic heart disease.ConclusionsCold weather is correlated with a higher incidence of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.

Introduction. Stigma and discrimination against patients with mental illness is very common amongst the society. Therefore, this study aims to study the knowledge and understanding of mental illness and attitudes to patient with mental illness, among the general population.Goal. To assess the knowledge and understanding of mental illness and attitude to patient with mental illness among population of Ulaanbaatar city and compare its results with a similar research in carried out in 2002.Methods. The study was conducted in Ulaanbaatar city from February to April, 2008 and included 991 people aged over 18 years. The sample was selected from 30 micro districts of Ulaanbaatar city, The method of sampling was using primary dot in first step, sampling households in mid step and selecting people by using method of Sweden key from household in final step. The study used 30 item standardized questionnaires. Also there were 2 extra cards to read for respondents.Result. Among the respondents, 45% were males and 55 % females. Average age was 37 years. In view of identifying negative attitude of patient with schizophrenia, majority of respondents answered as “loony person” (n=136) and “mad person” (n=83). Conclusion. Although there was stigma amongst the study population, 66% of subjects who were involved in study could give right diagnosis in non professional level and were able to identify symptoms of mental illness suggesting that more than half of the sample studied had some knowledge of mental illness.

Introduction : Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a disorder that occurs during childhood development, which presents with signs of reduced attention and hyperactivity [1]. Necessary nutrients, such as trace minerals, including manganese, iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper, and chromium, are associated with changes in neuronal function that can lead to adverse effects on behavior and learning [2]. In addition to these, social, emotional, behavioral problems, and cognitive impairments such as executive dysfunctions are common in ADHD [3]. Goal: To evaluate the hair elements and intelligence quotient in children with ADHD. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional comparative study conducted at elementary schools of Ulaanbaatar city. All in all 60 children of both genders aged between 7-12 years old were included in the study. Children were divided into two groups as children with ADHD group and a control group. Each group had 30 children. For assessment of emotional Intelligence EQ-i:YV - Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version (Bar-On & Parker, 2000; it ad. Sannio Fancello, & Cianchetti, 2012) was used. Scalp hair samples were randomly collected from approximately ten sites around both sides of posterior parietal eminences and external occipital protuberance. Samples were then packed at room temperature and submitted for laboratory analysis. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (Reg. No. 2018/Д-10). Results: The IQ of children with ADHD group were 85.03±16.86 p<.0001 and the IQ of control group =108.9±21.22, p<.0001. We identified hair minerals such as Mg, Zn, Pb, Se, Mn. We have then compared to each group and normal ranges of ages. ADHD group and the control group had Pb concentration that was slightly higher and inversely Mg concentration was slightly lower (r=-0.502, p=.005). Concentration of Pb, IQ were directly opposite (r=-0.38, p=.03). Conclusion
1. IQ was lower in the ADHD group compared to control group 85.03±16.86 p<.0001, monitored group 108.9±21.22, p<.0001.
2. The group with ADHD had lower Mg, Zn, and higher Pb, Se, Mn (p<.0001). The IQ decreased when there was increased Pb and decreased Mg.

Purpose: To investigate the outcomes of ROP screening of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: This was a prospective of prematurity infants screened ROP from 2020 April 13th to April 28th 2020 and from 2020 June 08 th to June 22th 2020 and prospective cohort study of premature infants with treatment-requiring ROP who received intravitreal injections, laser surgery. Demographic factors, diagnosis and clinical course were recorded. Indirect ophthalmoscopy and Retinal imaging was performed using RetCam (Natus Medical, Pleasanton, CA) and images were taken. Each eye was evaluated by the pediatric ophthalmologist and aimag’s ophthalmologist for the presence or absence of ROP, zone of vascularization, stage, plus disease, and aggressive posterior ROP (AP-ROP). The diagnosis and classification of ROP for this current study were determined by examination using indirect ophthalmoscopy, and treatment plans were determined according to the International Classification for ROP and the Early Treatment for ROP Study (ET-ROP).^2,13 Results: A total of 90 premature infants with BW ≤ 2000g and/or GA ≤ 34 weeks were screened for ROP during the study period. 8 (8.8%) of the 90 infants screened required treatment. The 8 infants who received ROP treatment had a mean GA of 28.5 ± 1.7 weeks, mean BW of 1237.5 ± 125.42g, mean PMA of 36 weeks and mean follow-up time of 2 months. Conclusion After treatment, resolution of ROP was noted in approximately 100 % of the patients who had treatment-requiring ROP.

Introduction : Water is a vital resource for human existence and is essential for daily food processing, preparation, washing, hygiene, and sanitation. Furthermore, providing the population with safe drinking water is one of the pressing problems of the world and some regions.
In recent years, population density and the scale of commercial and industrial activities, as well as clean and dirty water consumption were increased in the capital city. As a result of these, ground and surface water resources are becoming scarce and polluted.
Therefore, assessment of daily drinking and residential water consumption of Ulaanbaatar should be determined to use drinking water properly in daily life and water loss. This study assessed the actual amount of households’ daily water consumption. Goal: The purpose of this study is to determine the daily consumption of drinking water for households in ger areas and apartments in Ulaanbaatar. Materials and Method: This study covers 30 households in ger areas and 15 apartment households, in Ulaanbaatar. Household members performed 6-10 types of measurements every day, within 7 days. As a result of these measurements, actual consumption of water quantity used for drinking and household purposes was calculated. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS Version 21 to calculate the true probability of difference between parameters. Result: 67.9% of the households in the ger areas were 4-5 family members. The average daily household consumption of drinking and domestic water were 68.3 ± 3.57 L (95% 61.3-75.3), the minimum consumption was 12 L, and the maximum was 227 L. Average of the household water consumption water was 97.6-108.9 liters during the weekends, and water consumption was statistically higher than weekdays (p=0.001; p=0.01).
The water consumption of residential households with 3 family members accounted for the majority (30.8%) in this study. The average daily consumption of drinking and domestic water was 297.67±19.7 liters. There was no statistically significant difference (p=0.96) in week. The average daily water consumption including drinking and residential was 270.3-335.97 L.
The total daily drinking and residential water consumption per person was 15.57 L for households in ger areas and 90 L for apartment households. Calculating the daily water consumption of households in ger areas, 60.3% of it is used for laundry, washing dishes, food preparation, washing face and hands, and clothes, 31% for drinking, and 8.7% for outdoor water use. While apartment households, approximately 94.1%, were used for household and 5.9% for drinking purposes. Research ethics approval : This study was discussed at the meeting of the Academic Council of the National Center for Public Health. In addition, this study was carried out according to the methods and methods discussed and approved at the meeting of the Medical Ethics Control Committee of the Ministry of Health (Resolution No. 08). Conclusion The total daily consumption of drinking and residential water per person were 15.57 litres for the households in the ger areas and 90 litres for the apartment households. It implies that it does not exceed the WHO recommendations

Background: Cancer incidence and mortality are steadily increasing both globally and in Mongolia. As these rates rise, traditional Mongolian medicine has long utilized herbal formulas for the treatment of gastric and esophageal cancers and precancerous conditions. One such formulation—Hot Natured 3 Herbs (HN3H)—comprises three species from the Ranunculaceae family: Atragene sibirica L., Ranunculus repens L., and Pulsatilla bungeana L.. However, scientific validation of its anti-tumor effects is essential. This study aimed to investigate the effect of HN3H in a tumor-induced animal model. Aim: To identify the biologically active compounds of HN3H and evaluate their effect in an experimentally induced tumor model in animals. Materials and Methods: The three herbs comprising HN3H—Atragene sibirica L., Ranunculus repens L., and Pulsatilla bungeana L.—were collected during their flowering stage (May–June) in Khishig-Undur, Bulgan province, and dried according to official procedures. Extraction was carried out by maceration in 96% ethanol at a 1:10 ratio. The concentrated extract was suspended in water (1:1) and successively fractionated with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, butanol, chloroform, and n-hexane. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (Protocol №2020/03-04). A colorectal cancer model was established by subcutaneous injection of MC-38 cells (Kerafast, USA) into C57BL/6 mice. Immunohistochemistry was performed using CK20, CDX2, Ki67, and p53 antibodies at 1:100 and 1:200 dilutions. Results: The ethanol extract of HN3H contained 2.98±0.04% total phenolics and 2.16±0.05% total flavonoids. Body weight and tumor volume were measured daily with three repetitions. All groups showed a time-dependent increase in body weight. Mice in groups 1A and 1B received ethanol extract at 50 and 100 mg/kg doses; groups 2A and 2B received dichloromethane extract at the same doses. The negative control group was administered 0.5 mg/kg PBS orally, while the positive control group received intraperitoneal injections of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) at 10 mg/kg twice a week. Tumor growth increased in a time-dependent manner across groups. Compared to the negative control, tumor volumes in four treatment groups showed statistically significant reduction (p˂0.05), while no significant difference was observed when compared to the positive control (p=0.08). Histological analysis revealed necrosis in all groups, with variation in extent. Conclusion The ethanol extract of HN3H exhibited moderate levels of phenolic compounds and a high concentration of flavonoids. HN3H extract inhibited tumor progression and activated lymphocyte-predominant inflammation in tumor tissues, indicating potential anti-tumor activity (p˂0.05).