OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the relationship between anxiety and stroke warning signs in the elderly. METHODS: Data obtained from 1,078 subjects (256 men and 822 women) aged above 65 years was analyzed from Suwon Project, which was a cohort comprising of nonrandom convenience samples. All the subjects completed the study questionnaire including their demographic characteristics, history of current and past illnesses, drug history, Korean version-Mini Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), SGDS-K (Korean version of the Geriatric Depression Scale-Short Form), BAI (Beck Anxiety Inventory). Stroke warning signs were defined as 5 stroke warning signs consistent with the American heart association public health message. RESULTS: There was significant relationship of anxiety and the number of stroke warning signs after adjusting age, sex, educational level and depression (beta=2.145, p<0.0001). On analysis of covariance, the interaction of the number of experienced stroke warning signs with sex on anxiety was observed after adjusting for the age, educational level, K-MMSE, and SGDS-K (p=0.011). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that there was significant relationship of anxiety and stroke the elderly.
Aged ; American Heart Association ; Anxiety ; Cohort Studies ; Depression ; Humans ; Male ; Public Health ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Stroke

We tried to evaluate frequencies and severities of malocclusion of various socioeconomic areas according to growth and development. To obtain objective validity, we used Handicapping Labiolingual Deviation (HLD) suggested by Draker, Treatment Priority Index (TPI) by Grainger, Handicapped Malocclusion Assessing Record (HMAR) by American Dental Association and American Association of Orthodontist. Seoul and Kwangju were selected as an urban group, Ahnyang as an middle socioeconomic group and Hwasun near the Kwangju area as an rural group. 140 (male 63, female 73) of 5th grade in 'E' elementary school students in Seoul, 202 (male 101, female 101) of 'S' elementary school students in Kwangju, 207(male 105, female 102) of 'H' elementary school students in Hwasun, and 100(male 49, female 51) of 'M' elementary school students of in Ahnyang of all the same grade were analyzed and we obtained the results as follows; 1. TPI, HLD, and HMAR showed high coincidence and reproducibility between different observer. (p<0.01) 2. In comparison of TPI, HLD, and HMAR according to clinical decision, there was statistically difference between each other. (p<0.01) 3. As the severity of malocclusion increases there was high correlation between TPI and HLD, and between HLD and HMAR (p<0.05) 4. With respect to differences between areas in TPI and HLD, there was statistically difference between Ahnyang and other areas. 5. In Seoul as an urban group there was a high incidence of periodic checkup and history of orthodontic treatment than other area. 6. Mode of feeding and posture during sleeping did not affect the severity of malocclusion. As a conclusion, TPI, HLD and HMAR are so reproducible and coincident that they can be used as a guide on evaluating the frequency and severity of malocclusion and determining the priority of orthodontic treatment to determine the need and supply of orthodontic treatment. Furthermore these indices can provide objectively valid data for establishing public health problem solution.
American Dental Association ; Disabled Persons ; Female ; Growth and Development ; Gwangju ; Humans ; Incidence ; Malocclusion* ; Posture ; Public Health ; Seoul

In view of ever rising water pollution problems of river in the vicinity of large urban communities, the author has made an investigation on the pollution of water sampled from Han River (Seoul area) and Nakdong River (Daegu city area) during the period from july to December, 1970. The water samples were taken twice a month during the study period of 6 months from 7 points (locations) along the main stream of Han River at Seoul city and 5 points of Nakdong River at Daegu city. The samples ware measured and analyzed in accordance with the recognized methods in the "Standard Methods or Examination of Water and waste" by American Public Health Association. The obtained results are as follows: I.Han River. 1. Average turbidity was 5.1 units ranging from 1 to 10 units and the turbidity of down stream was higher than that of the upper stream. 2. pH value showed slight alkalinity (mean ; 7.2) except Yunchang-Dong (6.9). 3. The mean value of Dissolved Oxygen contents (D.O) was 7.2 ppm (range of 3.4-10.5ppm). D.O of the upper stream (8.2 ppm. at Walker Hill boating place, 8.0 ppm. at the Gwangzang Bridge and Ddookdo) was higher than that of he downstream (5.6ppm. at Yunchang-Dong. 6.4ppm. at the 2nd Han River Bridge), and D.O in the winter season was higher than that in the summer season, respectively. 4. The mean value of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.) was 28.3 ppm. (range of 6.2-64.8ppm). The mean value of B.O.D. was 48.7 ppm. at Yunchang-Dong. 42.3ppm. at the 2nd Han River Bridge, 34.0 ppm. at the 1st Han River bridge, 28.5 ppm. at the 3rd Han River Bridge, 19.2 ppm. at Dookdo, 13.2 ppm. at the Gwangzang Bridge, and 10.2 ppm. at the Walker Hill boating place in order of value. B.O.D. in July and August (35.6 and 34.5 ppm.) were the highest and that in November and December (18.6 and 21.2 ppm.) were the lowest. 5. Suspended Solids (SS) were from 15.0 to 667.0 ppm. with the mean of 222.1 ppm "Suspended Solids" of the water samples at Yunchang-Dong and the 2nd Han River Bridge were found to be 378.1 ppm. and 283.9 ppm. respectively which were higher than at the Gwangzang Bridge (134.1ppm.) and at Walker Hill boating place (79.3ppm). 6. Coliform colonies counting of the water samples ranged from 0-2, 500x10/100ml. with the mean value of 205.6x10/100ml. The most contaminated water sample by coliform were from the point of the 2nd Han River Bridge with 640.8x10/100ml while the lowest ones were from Walker Hill boating place with 17.2x10/100ml. There was also a seasonal variation in coliform contamination that is the higher in summer and the lower in winter. II. Nakdong River. 1. The mean value of turbidity was 2.3 units with range of 0 to 9.0 units. The highest point was at Geumho River (7.2 units). and the lowest point was at Gangzung and Moonsan (0.45 and 0.41 units). 2. The mean value of pH was 7.5 (range of 7.1-8.5) and highest point was Geunho River with 8.5. 3. The mean value of D.O was 8.1ppm. (range of 3.4-11.2 ppm.). D.O. of the upper stream showed higher value than that of the down stream, and the winter season than the summer season. 4. B.O.D. ranged from 2.6 to 57.0 ppm. (mean; 20.4 ppm.). The water sample at Geumho River showed the highest value (41.5ppm) while at Moonsan and Gangzung showed the lowest (4.6 and 4.7 ppm.). 5. The mean value of suspended solids was 48.7 ppm. (range of 4.0-182.0 ppm.). The highest month was July (63.7 ppm.) and August (62.1 ppm.) and the lowest month was October (37.0 ppm.) and December (24.4 ppm.). 6. The mean value of the coliform colonies was 22.7x10/100ml. (range of 0-243x10/100ml.). The highest number of the colonies was found in the sample water at the Whawon recreation area (50.5x10/100ml.) followed by the Geumho River (33.9x10/100ml;), the Goryung Bridge (28.3x10/100ml.), Gangzung(0.7x10/100ml), and Moonsan (0.6x10/100ml.).
American Public Health Association ; Daegu ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oxygen ; Recreation ; Rivers* ; Seasons ; Seoul ; Ships ; Water Pollution* ; Water*

Acute heart failure (AHF) has emerged as a major public health problem over the past 2 decades and AHF represents a period of high risk for patients, during which time the patients are more susceptible to have fatal outcomes or be re-hospitalized, compared to periods of chronic stable heart failure. The goals of AHF treatment are symptomatic relief and hemodynamic stabilization, which need accurate assessment of volume status and cardiac function of patients. Until now, there is a paucity of controlled clinical data to define optimal treatment for patients with AHF and most guidelines published by the American Heart Association or European Society of Cardiology have been generated by the consensus opinions of experts. In these guidelines, routine invasive hemodynamic monitoring of AHF patients is not recommended because there have not been any reports showing survival benefit in patients monitored with pulmonary artery catheters. At present, treatment strategies based on clinical characteristics such as pulmonary congestion and tissue hypoperfusion rather than invasive hemodynamic monitoring is widely accepted. In this article, we discuss an optimal management plan including appropriate assessment of the hemodynamic status of patients and treatment of AHF.
American Heart Association ; Cardiology ; Catheters ; Consensus ; Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) ; Fatal Outcome ; Heart ; Heart Failure ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Public Health ; Pulmonary Artery

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the most important public health problem worldwide in terms of the size of expenditures in most healthcare budgets. In November 2013, the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) released a clinical practice guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce ASCVD risk in adults. Based on the design and results of the randomized clinical trials and meta-analyses published through July 2013, four groups of individuals were identified for whom an extensive body of randomized clinical tria evidence demonstrated a clear reduction in ASCVD events from statin therapy with a good margin of safety. Together with ASCVD, in severe hypercholesterolemic (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol > or =190 mg/dL) or diabetic subjects, the guideline recommends the use of statins if the newly-developed Pooled Cohort Equations estimate a 10-year ASCVD risk of equal to or higher than 7.5%. The guideline recommendations represent a new paradigm for treating cholesterol focused on using the appropriate intensity of statin therapy for those most likely to benefit, while the guideline has eliminated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets. Non-statin therapies were discouraged due to the lack of evidence for their production of acceptable ASCVD risk reduction benefits. This radical shift away from the set of previous guidelines has created controversy and confusion. This article reviews the 2013 ACC/AHA guideline for the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce ASCVD risk in adults and the optimal strategies for using this guideline in clinical practice.
Adult ; American Heart Association ; Budgets ; Cardiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol* ; Cohort Studies ; Delivery of Health Care ; Health Expenditures ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; Lipoproteins ; Public Health ; Risk Reduction Behavior