OBJECTIVETo study whether necroptosis exists or not in neural cell death induced by aluminum.

METHODSSH-SY5Y cells were treated with 4 mmol/L AlCl(3) x 6H(2)O The cell viability was determined with CCK-8 kit after treated with Nec-1 at different dosages (0, 30, 60, 90 micromol/L). Mitochondria membrane potential (MMP), content of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptotic rate/necrotic rates were measured with cytometry.

RESULTSNec-1 ameliorated the necrotic-like cell morphology, the cell viability were 0.28 +/- 0.05, 0.58 +/- 0.03, 0.68 +/- 0.04, and 1.03 +/- 0.17, there were significant differences between the Nec-1 treated groups and that of controls (t values were 3.25, 3.36, 4.56; P < 0.05). After Nec-1 treatment, the necrotic rates were 16.46% +/- 0.54%, 10.40% +/- 0.64%, 5.43% +/- 0.68%, and 6.28% +/- 0.35%, there were significant differences between the Nec-1 treated cells and that of controls (t values were 3.62, 7.32, 6.96; P < 0.05); while the apoptotic rates were 8.68 +/- 0.36, 7.66 +/- 0.53, 5.68 +/- 0.41, and 4.13 +/- 0.41, there was no significant difference among the groups (F = 6.33, P = 0.11). Cytometry had shown the increased cell MMPs after Nec-1 treatment, which were 67.54 +/- 6.36, 49.42 +/- 5.96, 84.79 +/- 6.86, and 95.51 +/- 7.01, there were significant differences as comparing MMPs of the middle and high dosage of Nec-1 treated cells with those of controls (t values were 3.21, 4.01; P < 0.05); while ROS contents in the Nec-1 treated SH-SY5Y cells were 54.07 +/- 3.32, 52.79 +/- 2.36, 54.68 +/- 1.91, and 59.23 +/- 2.96, there was no significant difference among the groups (F = 5.26, P = 0.19).

CONCLUSIONNec-1, as a specific inhibitor of necroptosis, might effectively block the cell death pathway induced by aluminum, it indicates that necroptosis should be one of the major causes of the SH-SY5Y cell toxicity induced by aluminum, and necroptosis also plays an important role in aluminum induced SH-SY5Y cell death.

Aluminum ; toxicity ; Apoptosis ; drug effects ; Cell Death ; drug effects ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Humans ; Imidazoles ; pharmacology ; Indoles ; pharmacology ; Neuroblastoma

Aluminum Compounds ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Bone and Bones ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Chlorides ; pharmacology ; Decalcification Technique ; methods ; Formates ; chemistry ; Humans

Recently, a topical preparation of 5% propantheline bromide and 10% aluminum hydroxychloride in an emulsion ground substance was introduced as an effective antiperspirant. According to the literature, aluminum salts may produce functional closure of swet ducts. Nevertheless, histologic study has as yet failed to reveal a solid anatomic basis for occlusion. In this study, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to demonstrate eccrine gland ostial occlusion due to topical 5% propantheline bromide and 10% aluminum hydroxychloride.
Aluminum Hydroxide/pharmacology* ; Animal ; Eccrine Glands/drug effects* ; Foot ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred HRS ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Propantheline/pharmacology* ; Sweat Glands/drug effects*

OBJECTIVETo study the effect of aluminume adjuvant and immunization schedule on immunogenicity of Sabin inactivated poliovirus vaccine.

METHODSFour batches of Sabin IPV were produced by different concentrations of type 1, 2, and 3 poliovirus and administrated on three-dose schedule at 0, 1, 2 months and 0, 2, 4 months on rats. Serum samples were collected one month after each dose and neutralizing antibody titers against three types poliovirus were determined by micro-neutralization assay.

RESULTSThe GMTs of neutralizing antibodies against three types poliovirus increased significantly and the seropositivity rates were 100% in all groups after 3 doses. There was no significant difference between two immunization schedules, and the 0, 2, 4 month schedule could induce higher level neutralizing antibody compared to the 0, 1, 2 month schedule. The groups with aluminum adjuvant could induce higher level neutralizing antibody compared to the groups without adjuvant.

CONCLUSIONAluminum djuvant and immunization schedule could improve the immunogenicity of Sabin IPV.

Adjuvants, Immunologic ; pharmacology ; Aluminum Hydroxide ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Female ; Immunization Schedule ; Male ; Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral ; immunology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and calcium hydroxide on the proliferation and differentiation capacity of pulp cells of primary teeth.

METHODSPulp cells were isolated from the retained primary teeth without apparent root resorption and cultured. The cells of 4 - 8 passages were used in the study. Cell proliferation was detected by MTT array, von Kossa staining employed to observe the formation of mineralized nodules and mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) determined by real time PCR.

RESULTSMTA-treated cells proliferated significantly faster than the other two groups (F = 1835.065, P < 0.01), while calcium hydroxide-treated cells grew slower than the control significantly (F = 1792.301, P < 0.01). The formation of mineralized nodules was found in both MTA-treated and calcium hydroxide-treated pulp cells. The number of mineralized nodules showed no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). Either ALP or DSPP mRNA expression showed significant difference among the three groups (F = 349.651, P < 0.01; F = 1653.001, P < 0.01). MTA increased mRNA expression of ALP and DSPP in pulp cells (P < 0.01), whereas calcium hydroxide down-regulated them (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSMTA is more suitable than calcium hydroxide as pulp-capping agent in primary teeth.

Aluminum Compounds ; pharmacology ; Calcium Compounds ; pharmacology ; Calcium Hydroxide ; pharmacology ; Cell Differentiation ; drug effects ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cells, Cultured ; Dental Pulp ; cytology ; drug effects ; Drug Combinations ; Humans ; Oxides ; pharmacology ; Silicates ; pharmacology ; Tooth, Deciduous ; drug effects

OBJECTIVETo explore the mechanisms of muscovite gastric mucosal protective effect.

METHODRat model of chronic gastritis were used. After gastric mucosal injury was induced, the rats were divided into 6 groups and were treated with different drugs. 2 weeks later, the tissue and blood samples were obtained and measured.

RESULTThe general conditions, the observations under macroscopy, microscope and electron microscope of the middle and high dose of muscovite groups resembled those of the normal group. Their PH levels were higher than those of the model group, and the rates of intestinal metaplasia were lower, but the PGE2 level of the middle dose of muscovite group was the highest.

CONCLUSIONMuscovite can be adsorbed on the surface of the gastric mucosa. It has gastric mucosal protective effect by improving excretion of mucus and synthesis of PGE2 in gastric mucosa, restraining gastric acid, reversing of intestinal metaplasia and decreasing inflammation cells.

Aluminum Compounds ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Dinoprostone ; blood ; Gastric Juice ; chemistry ; Gastric Mucosa ; pathology ; ultrastructure ; Gastritis ; blood ; chemically induced ; pathology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Materia Medica ; pharmacology ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Potassium Compounds ; pharmacology ; Protective Agents ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Silicates ; pharmacology ; Sodium Salicylate

In order to study the effect of seed soaking with different aluminum solution on seed germination and seedling physiological characteristics of Platycondon grandiflorum, two P. grandiflorum varieties'seed (the white flower and the purple flower) were soaked in Al3+ solution with different concentrations (0, 10, 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg x L) for 24 h, then germinated in illumination incubator. Results showed that the aluminum toxicity on the trends of the germination rate, germination index and vigor index was positive associated with its concentration, and the Al tolerance of the purple was slightly greater than that of the white. There were some relationships between the physiological indices, which were the leakage rate of electrolyte, the malonaldehyde (MDA) content, the activities of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) , the free praline(Pro) and the soluble sugar contents, with the concentrations of Al. It was suggested that there was Al tolerance difference between the two P. grandiflorum varieties: the purple flower was greater than the white.
Aluminum ; pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Germination ; drug effects ; Immersion ; Platycodon ; drug effects ; growth & development ; physiology ; Seedlings ; drug effects ; physiology ; Seeds ; drug effects ; growth & development

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of exposure to aluminum (Al) on Zn, Fe, Cu and Ca contents in hippocampus of rats.

METHODSAlCl(3).6H(2)O was administered orally through diet (8% of body weight) to SD rats at doses of 0 (A), 11.2 (B), 55.9 (C), 111.9 (D) mg Al(3+)/kg BW for successive 90 days. Then Al, Zn, Fe, Cu and Ca contents in hippocampi of rats were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.

RESULTSAfter oral exposure to Al, the Al content in hippocampus of rat increased significantly with a remarkable dose-effect relationship (r = 0.731, P < 0.001), The Zn, Fe, Ca and Cu contents in these four groups are as follows: Group A (18.29 +/- 2.48, 24.86 +/- 1.97, 48.69 +/- 22.08, 4.53 +/- 0.99) mg/g, Group B (17.22 +/- 2.06, 27.54 +/- 2.87, 42.79 +/- 14.42, 4.06 +/- 0.41) mg/g, Group C (14.46 +/- 1.90, 20.18 +/- 2.79, 29.95 +/- 7.33, 3.98 +/- 0.25) mg/g, Group D (15.85 +/- 2.54, 20.96 +/- 2.83, 36.14 +/- 12.66, 4.53 +/- 0.58) mg/g. Compared with the control group A, the Zn and Fe contents in group B and group C decreased significantly (P < 0.05), and the Ca content in group C also decreased significantly.

CONCLUSIONOral exposure to Al may result in accumulation of Al in hippocampus of brain and thus affect some essential elements (Zn, Fe, Cu and Ca) contents in the hippocampus at different degrees.

Aluminum ; metabolism ; pharmacology ; toxicity ; Animals ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Copper ; metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Hippocampus ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Iron ; metabolism ; Male ; Metals ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Zinc ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo examine the efficacy of Muscovite on acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats, and to research the mechanisms of intestinal mucosal protection.

METHODUlcerative colitis was induced in rats by intracolonic injection of 2 mL of 7% acetic acid. Rats were treated with three different doses of the Muscovite and SASP at random by intracolonic injecion, the normal saline was considered as control group. The rats were sacrificed and the colons were excised and opened longitudinally. Under a dissecting microscope, gross findings were observed and scored. MPO activity was assayed by spectrophotometry in colonic mucosa.

RESULTGross finding showed that multiple ulcer with diameter more than 1 cm, surrounded with erosion, erythematous and edema in the proximal colon in ulcerative coltis. The colon from Muscovite treatment group were histopatholgically normal, with slight erosion, erythematous and edema. The colon in SASP group had small ulceration and severe erosion and edema. The score of gloss change were significant lower in Muscovite groups than that in normal saline group (P < 0.01). There were necrosis and exfoliation of mucosa, multiple cystic dilation of mucosa gland, and large number of and inflammation attenuated in Muscovite groups. There nerutrophils and vessel infiltration in ulcerative colitis. The ulceration disappeared were erosion in mucosa and inflammatory cell infiltrating into submucosa in SASP group. Compared with normal saline group, the pathological scale were significant decreased in Muscovite and SASP groups (P < 0.05). The MPO activity was significant increased in colitis tissue compared with normal group (P < 0.001). After administrating with Muscovite or SASP, the level of MPO were significant decreased (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONMuscovite has the effect of mucosal protection by attenuating the inflammation of colonic mucosa and decreasing the activity of MPO.

Acetic Acid ; Aluminum Silicates ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Colitis, Ulcerative ; chemically induced ; enzymology ; pathology ; Colon ; enzymology ; pathology ; Intestinal Mucosa ; enzymology ; pathology ; Male ; Materia Medica ; pharmacology ; Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Protective Agents ; pharmacology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

In this study, the effects of chronically administered aluminum on iron metabolism-related parameters of liver and blood of mice were investigated. An additional purpose to determine how chronic aluminum administration together with vitamin E as an antioxidant to mice changed the parameters related to iron metabolism. For these purposes, we used 21 adult female Balb-c mice in this study. The animals were divided into three groups: one group with aluminum administered chronically, another group with aluminum plus vitamin E administered chronically, and the control group. Serum levels of hemoglobin, ferritin, iron, transferrin, hematocrit, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), as well as percentage of transferrin saturation were determined in all groups. In addition, the liver tissue levels of ferritin and iron were analyzed. Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of the aluminum group and aluminum plus vitamin E group were significantly decreased compared to the control. In conclusion, no changes occurred in the serum iron related parameters although Al induced anemia in mice when Al administered chronically. There was an increase in the levels of liver iron and ferritin with Al, but Vit E had no effect on the changes of all blood and liver parameters caused by Al.
Aluminum/*pharmacology ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency/blood/*chemically induced/prevention & control ; Animals ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Female ; Ferritin/metabolism ; Hematocrit ; Hemoglobins ; Iron/*blood ; Liver/*drug effects/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Vitamin E/pharmacology