Alphavirus Infections ; epidemiology ; Chikungunya virus ; Humans

It is clear that exposure to arthropod-borne viruses is common in the populations of both Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya. Clinical disease resulting from these infections has been reported although the paucity of case reports and combined clinical experience suggest that it is rare. Dengue epidemics due to dengue-1 and dengue-2 have occurred and it is likely that dengue-3 is also present in the region. No cases of dengue haemorrhagic fever have been described. Murray Valley encephalitis, Ross River and antigenically related viruses are widespread in Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya, particularly in the lowland and coastal areas. Antibodies to Japanese encephalitis virus have not been found in blood samples from Papua New Guinea or Irian Jaya. As Papua New Guinea is developed, new areas of the country are opened up and ecosystems are altered. It is important that physicians based in Papua New Guinea, and those who deal with patients living or working here, are aware of the arbovirus diseases which occur and the potential and preventable problems posed by them to both the individual and the community.
Alphavirus Infections - epidemiology ; Arboviruses ; Dengue - epidemiology ; Papua New Guinea - epidemiology ; Population Surveillance

Alphavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; virology ; Animals ; Chikungunya Fever ; Chikungunya virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; physiology ; Humans ; Viral Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism

This report describes the chikungunya cases and local transmission detected in Brunei Darussalam for the first time, despite the country being situated in a region that has experienced a multitude of outbreaks over the years. A combined strategy of active case detection, patient isolation and vector control measures was deployed in an attempt to avert further transmission. The findings have important public health implications for international surveillance and control strategies for this re-emerging disease.
Adult ; Alphavirus Infections ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; transmission ; Brunei ; epidemiology ; Chikungunya Fever ; Disease Outbreaks ; prevention & control ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Population Surveillance

Malaria at an elevation of 1050 metres is common and highly endemic in the Tagari Valley in the Southern Highlands of Papua New Guinea. Health impact assessments showed that the risks of malaria and epidemic polyarthritis at a gasfield development project in this area were high. Baseline malariometric surveys were conducted in four villages in June and August 1990 and two follow-up surveys (May and December 1991) were made in the village of Nogolitogo near the gasfield pioneer base camp. A total of 941 blood smears were examined. Average malaria prevalence rates decreased with altitude from 56% (at 1050 m) to 9% (at 1700 m) for children 1-9 years of age and from 45% (at 1050 m) to 8% (at 1550 m) for those aged 10 years or more. The spleen rate for children less than 10 years old did not vary significantly with altitude, but average enlarged spleen for all ages decreased with altitude. Mean packed cell volume increased with altitude. Plasmodium falciparum was the most common malaria parasite found and Anopheles punctulatus the predominant vector. Ross River arbovirus (RRV) antibody prevalence was 59%. These results indicate frequent or constant transmission of malaria and pathogenic arboviruses. Entomological and epidemiological data suggested that the vulnerability of the valley community, the receptivity of the environment and the health hazards from malaria and RRV were high. Nonimmune Papua New Guineans and expatriate employees face high health hazards; therefore effective preventive measures are required to mitigate epidemics and avoid the likely heightened transmission of malaria and arboviruses caused by the development project.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Distribution ; Alphavirus Infections - epidemiology ; Endemic Diseases - statistics & ; numerical data ; Malaria - epidemiology ; Papua New Guinea ; Population Surveillance - methods ; Prevalence