BACKGROUND: Nursing students may be exposed to patients with infectious diseases such as hepatitis B and hepatitis A through needle stick injuries or close contact during their clinical practice. This study surveyed the presence of antihepatitis B virus (anti-HBV), anti-hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV), and anti-varicella zoster virus antibodies in nursing students before the initiation of their clinical practice to help prevent subsequent infections. METHODS: From 2009 to 2013, the junior students of a nursing college in Jeollabuk-do were tested for antibodies against the hepatitis B, hepatitis A, and varicella zoster viruses before the initiation of their clinical practice. RESULTS: The students tested positive for anti-HBV (46.2-57.1%), anti-HAV (0-10.5%), and anti-varicella zoster antibodies (80.2-90.2%). No significant differences in the positivity rates were observed with respect to the year of their enrollment. CONCLUSION: This study was a survey of the seroprevalence of anti-HBV, anti-HAV, and anti-varicella zoster antibodies in nursing students before they started their clinical practice. The positivity rate of anti-HAV was lower than 10%. In order to prevent infection, it is necessary to test nursing students for the presence of antibodies against hepatitis B, hepatitis A, varicella, measles, mumps, and rubella, and check their vaccination history as recommended in the adult immunization schedule. Vaccination must be recommended for students who test negative for the respective antibodies.
Adult ; Antibodies* ; Chickenpox ; Communicable Diseases ; Hepatitis A ; Hepatitis A Antibodies ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis B Antibodies ; Herpes Zoster* ; Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine* ; Herpesvirus 3, Human ; Humans ; Immunization Schedule ; Jeollabuk-do ; Measles ; Mumps ; Needlestick Injuries ; Nursing* ; Rubella ; Seroepidemiologic Studies* ; Students, Nursing* ; Vaccination

Microglial cells were purified from a mixed neuroglia culture prepared from the neonatal chicken brain in vitro, and were infected with the vvMDV YL040920 isolate and an attenuated MDV vaccine strain CVI988/Rispens, respectively. The presence of cytopathic effect (CPE) was examined daily, and the MEQ expression in MDV-infected microglia was detected by immunohistochemistry assay. DNA replication of the MDV meq gene and transcription of the gB gene were determined by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and qRT-PCR, respectively. The transcripts of Toll-like receptor (TLR) mRNA in microglia post MDV infection were quantified by qRT-PCR. The results of this study showed that both vvMDV YL040920 and attenuated vaccine strain CVI988/Rispens could infect microglia and produce characteristic CPE with plaque formation. The plaques were formed due to cells shedding at multi-sites, then quickly expanded and integrated. Furthermore, the MEQ protein was detected in nuclei of YL040920 and CVI988/ Rispens-infected microglia, and MDV meq DNA replication and gB gene transcription in MDV-infected microglia were also confirmed. Although both MDV DNA copies and gB transcripts were increased in the virus-infected microglia, the higher viral DNA load and gB transcript were observed for CVI988/Rispens than for YL040920 in vitro (P < or = 0.05/0.001). The transcriptions of TLR15 and TLR1LB gene were found to be up-regulated in microglia following MDV infection in vitro. Purified microglia infected with YL040920 was observed increased TLR15 and TLR1LB transcripts as early as 1 day post infection (dpi), and reached its peak level at 3 dpi, then decreased mildly at 5 dpi. For CVI988/Rispens, it induced an increase of TLR15 transcript as early as 1 dpi, and rose rapidly at 3 dpi, and then decreased slightly at 5 dpi. At the same time, CVI988/Rispens induced the increase of chTLR1LB transcript at 3 dpi and decreased at 5 dpi. By comparing the TLRs transcription between YL040920 and CVI988/Rispens-infected microglia, it was suggested that vvMDV YL040920 might induce more TLR15 transcript than the attenuated vaccine strain CVI988/Rispens (P < or = 0.01/0.001), while CVI988/Rispens induced more TLR1LB transcript than YL040920 (P < or = 0.001).
Animals ; Brain ; metabolism ; virology ; Chickens ; Gene Expression ; Herpesvirus 2, Gallid ; genetics ; physiology ; Marek Disease ; genetics ; metabolism ; virology ; Microglia ; metabolism ; virology ; Poultry Diseases ; genetics ; metabolism ; virology ; Toll-Like Receptor 1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptors ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic

To investigate the genetic characteristics of human influenza type B viruses circulating in Chungbuk province, Korea, we tested 510 clinical samples of nasopharyngeal suction from pediatric patients diagnosed with respiratory illness between June 2007 and June 2008. Twelve out of thirty-six isolates were identified as type B influenza virus by RT-PCR and sequencing analysis. Interestingly, genetic characterization of type B viruses isolated in this study revealed that all type B influenza viruses were the Yamagata lineages, a vaccine strains of southern hemisphere during 2007~2008, rather than the Victoria lineage of northern hemisphere during 2007~2008. Furthermore, there were a total of twelve unique mutations (HA: H40Y, D/G230S, V252M and K272R and NA: P3H, P/T/S42Q, N59S) occurred in our type B isolates. These results suggest that relative high prevalence of type B viruses in Korea during 2007~2008 season might be due to the wrong vaccine strains selection. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate continuous evolutions of human type B viruses by antigenic drift and also highlight the need to closely monitoring of influenza viruses to aid the early detection of potentially pandemic strains as well as underscore the need for new therapeutics.
Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine ; Humans ; Influenza B virus ; Influenza, Human ; Korea ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Pandemics ; Prevalence ; Seasons ; Suction ; Victoria

Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalopathy is a rare condition associated with the influenza virus, but the role of influenza in this condition has not been clarified. We experienced a patient with influenza A and B virus co-infection who initially presented mild gastrointestinal symptoms and rapidly progressed to coma. Magnetic resonance imaging showed severe brain edema and multiple intracranial hemorrhagic lesions. The patient was treated with oseltamivir and corticosteroid, and her clinical course improved without neurological sequelae.
Brain Edema ; Coinfection* ; Coma ; Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine ; Humans ; Influenza, Human* ; Leukoencephalopathies* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Oseltamivir

Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalopathy is a rare condition associated with the influenza virus, but the role of influenza in this condition has not been clarified. We experienced a patient with influenza A and B virus co-infection who initially presented mild gastrointestinal symptoms and rapidly progressed to coma. Magnetic resonance imaging showed severe brain edema and multiple intracranial hemorrhagic lesions. The patient was treated with oseltamivir and corticosteroid, and her clinical course improved without neurological sequelae.
Brain Edema ; Coinfection* ; Coma ; Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine ; Humans ; Influenza, Human* ; Leukoencephalopathies* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Orthomyxoviridae ; Oseltamivir

Influenza B virus infections appear to be more common extra-respiratory tract symptoms, compared to influenza A virus infections. Benign acute childhood myositis (BACM) is a benign disease that is caused mainly by many viruses like influenza A or B virus infection. Usually BACM is fully cured with only supportive treatment without unnecessary investigation or invasive procedure. This report describes an eight-year-old boy with acute bilateral calf pain and walking difficulty who diagnosed with BACM after influenza B virus infection.
Child ; Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine ; Humans ; Influenza A virus ; Influenza B virus ; Influenza, Human ; Male ; Myositis ; Walking

This study aims to develop a rapid and convenient test card for simultaneous detection of influenza A and influenza B viruses using quantum dot-based immunochromatographic assay. The test card consists of a test strip and a plastic casing. The test strip is composed of absorbent paper, a buffer pad, nitrocellulose membrane (NC membrane), sample pad, quantum dot-labeled antibody pad, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) board. The NC membrane is coated with mouse monoclonal antibodies against influenza A and influenza B viruses for the T lines (test lines), and reference proteins A and B for the C line (control line). The quantum dot-labeled antibody pad contains mouse monoclonal antibody-quantum dot conjugates against influenza A and influenza B viruses. The results showed that the detection limit of the test card for both viruses ranged from 1.51 ×10² to 2.71×10³ TCID50/ml, indicating its sensitivity for accurate detection of influenza A and influenza B viruses without being affected by various variants. The test card exhibited specific reactions with different subtypes of influenza A and influenza B virus culture fluids and showed no cross-reactivity with adenovirus, novel coronavirus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus, Staphylococcus aureus, and other pathogens. Overall, the sensitivity and specificity of the test card for simultaneous detection of influenza A and influenza B viruses meet the requirements for clinical use. It offers the advantages of simplicity, rapidity, and no requirement for special equipment, enabling quick auxiliary diagnosis to prevent disease transmission.
Animals ; Mice ; Humans ; Influenza, Human/diagnosis* ; Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine ; COVID-19 ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Influenza B virus

This study aims to develop a rapid and convenient test card for simultaneous detection of influenza A and influenza B viruses using quantum dot-based immunochromatographic assay. The test card consists of a test strip and a plastic casing. The test strip is composed of absorbent paper, a buffer pad, nitrocellulose membrane (NC membrane), sample pad, quantum dot-labeled antibody pad, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) board. The NC membrane is coated with mouse monoclonal antibodies against influenza A and influenza B viruses for the T lines (test lines), and reference proteins A and B for the C line (control line). The quantum dot-labeled antibody pad contains mouse monoclonal antibody-quantum dot conjugates against influenza A and influenza B viruses. The results showed that the detection limit of the test card for both viruses ranged from 1.51 ×10² to 2.71×10³ TCID50/ml, indicating its sensitivity for accurate detection of influenza A and influenza B viruses without being affected by various variants. The test card exhibited specific reactions with different subtypes of influenza A and influenza B virus culture fluids and showed no cross-reactivity with adenovirus, novel coronavirus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, respiratory syncytial virus, Staphylococcus aureus, and other pathogens. Overall, the sensitivity and specificity of the test card for simultaneous detection of influenza A and influenza B viruses meet the requirements for clinical use. It offers the advantages of simplicity, rapidity, and no requirement for special equipment, enabling quick auxiliary diagnosis to prevent disease transmission.
Animals ; Mice ; Humans ; Influenza, Human/diagnosis* ; Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine ; COVID-19 ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Influenza B virus

The viruses of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1), Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) and Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) which belong to the alpha herpes subfamily are important human pathogens. When eruptions were not fully developed from these viral infections, clinical diagnosis was not always easy and required virological confirmation test. The above viruses were reactivated in individuals who were compromised in immune competence for one reason or another. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) enables rapid and sensitive detection of HSV and VZV DNAs. Its sensitivity was largely influenced by choice of primers. Authors conducted a study to detect of those three viruses in human specimens including vesicle fluid and joint fluid and serum using PCR methods. Primers used for this study were the general primer pair GPHV-RU which was known to amplify within the genes enjoying the highest degree of homology between UL15 of HSV and UL42 of VZV. PCR with primers hybridized pair GPHV-RU amplifies a 396 bp with HSV-1 and HSV-2 standard stain DNA and 405 bp with VZV standard strain DNA. Restriction enzyme cleavage with HpaII and DdeI were used to detect and distinguish DNAs of HSV-1 and HSV-2 and VZV. The purpose of this study was a rapid and easy detection of VZV and HSV-1 or HSV-2 from various clinical specimens (vesicle fluid, serum and joint fluid) by PCR method. Used methods were: HSV PCR with primer 1, 2 and HpaII RE digestion; VZV nested PCR; HSV PCR with primer A, B and BssHII RE digestion. 1) In 33 cases (33/42, 78.6%) VZV was detected single or mixed infection from 42 clinical specimens which included vesicle fluid (5), serum from respiratory infected children (10), serum from immune suppressed adult cancer patients (7) and joint fluid from arthritis patients (20). 2) In 20 cases (20/42, 42.6%) HSV was detected singly or mixed infection and 19 of the cases were HSV-2 and 1 case was HSV-1. 3) In 19 cases (19/42, 45.2%) VZV was singly detected which included serum from respiratory infected children (6 cases), joint fluid from arthritis patients (9 cases), vesicle fluid (2 cases) and serum form immunosuppressed cancer patients (2 cases). 4) HSV was singly detected in 6 cases (6/42, 14.3%) which included joint fluid from arthritis patients (5 cases) and serum form respiratory infected children (1 cases). 5) 14 cases of VZV and HSV mixed infection (14/42, 33.3%) were detected. They included vesicle fluid (3 cases), serum form immunosuppressed cancer patients (4 cases), serum from respiratory infected children (2 cases) and joint fluid from arthritis patients (5 cases). 6) HSV-1 and HSV-2 detection and typing by HSV PCR with primer A, B and BssHII RE digestion method was more sensitive and the results were easier to detect than on other method.
Adult ; Arthritis ; Child ; Coinfection ; Diagnosis ; Digestion ; DNA ; Herpes Simplex* ; Herpesvirus 1, Human* ; Herpesvirus 2, Human ; Herpesvirus 3, Human* ; Humans ; Joints* ; Mental Competency ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Simplexvirus*

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to compare the clinical characteristics of influenza A and B infections and analyze the effect of oseltamivir in hospitalized children. METHODS: We investigated children under the age of 15, who were diagnosed with influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2, or B from January to April 2014. The subjects were admitted to the Changwon Fatima Hospital and diagnosed using a rapid antigen test from nasopharyngeal swabs. The medical records of the patients were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: A total of 302 pediatric patients with influenza were enrolled. Influenza B infection was the most common type (n=187, 61.9%), followed by A/H3N2 (n=100, 33.1%) and A/H1N1 (n=15, 5.0%). Compared to patients diagnosed with influenza A, patients diagnosed with influenza B were older (P=0.005), and the duration of fever was significantly longer (P=0.001). A total of 161 patients (53.3%) had been vaccinated against influenza during the season, before admission. Among the patients infected with A/H3N2 and B, the duration of fever was shorter in oseltamivir recipients compared to oseltamivir non-recipients (P=0.026 and P=0.004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: There were significant differences between influenza A and B groups in terms of age, demographics, and clinical course. Although the effectiveness of oseltamivir on influenza differs according to the type of influenza, our data provides evidence that oseltamivir is beneficial for both A and B infections.
Child ; Child, Hospitalized* ; Demography ; Fever ; Gyeongsangnam-do ; Herpesvirus 1, Cercopithecine* ; Humans ; Influenza, Human* ; Medical Records ; Oseltamivir ; Retrospective Studies ; Seasons