OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of ingestion exposure of lead by particle sizes of crumb rubber in artificial turf filling material with consideration of bioavailability. METHODS: This study estimated the ingestion exposure by particle sizes (more than 250 um or less than 250 um) focusing on recyclable ethylene propylene diene monomer crumb rubber being used as artificial turf filling. Analysis on crumb rubber was conducted using body ingestion exposure estimate method in which total content test method, acid extraction method and digestion extraction method are reflected. Bioavailability which is a calibrating factor was reflected in ingestion exposure estimate method and applied in exposure assessment and risk assessment. Two methods using acid extraction and digestion extraction concentration were compared and evaluated. RESULTS: As a result of the ingestion exposure of crumb rubber material, the average lead exposure amount to the digestion extraction result among crumb rubber was calculated to be 1.56x10(-4) mg/kg-day for low grade elementary school students and 4.87x10(-5) mg/kg-day for middle and high school students in 250 um or less particle size, and that to the acid extraction result was higher than the digestion extraction result. Results of digestion extraction and acid extraction showed that the hazard quotient was estimated by about over 2 times more in particle size of lower than 250 um than in higher than 250 um. There was a case of an elementary school student in which the hazard quotient exceeded 0.1. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this study confirm that the exposure of lead ingestion and risk level increases as the particle size of crumb rubber gets smaller.
Alkenes ; Biological Availability ; Digestion ; Eating ; Ethylenes ; Humans ; Particle Size ; Risk Assessment ; Rubber

Air ; analysis ; Alkenes ; analysis ; Butadienes ; analysis ; Chromatography, Gas ; methods ; Environmental Monitoring ; methods ; Workplace

Adolescent ; Alkanes ; poisoning ; Alkenes ; poisoning ; Daphne ; chemistry ; Humans ; Male

The purpose of this research was to prepare total salvianolic acids-phytosome-HA coprecipitate to improve drug dissolution and its micromeritic properties. Firstly, the coprecipitate was prepared by solvent method and in vitro dissolution of tripterine was performed with the salvianolic acid B and danshensu as criteria. At the same time, the micromeritic properties was characterizated, the structure of samples was characterized by TEM, DSC, XRD and FTIR. Results showed that when the ratio of drug to HA was 1:2, it had a better dissolution, the accumulative drug-release percent in vitro at 60 min was over 90%. At the same time, it has good liquidity and low moisture absorption. Its micromeritic properties have improved. It is proved that the drug still existed amorphously by microstructure analysis. The preparation process is simple and feasible, it has practical value.
Alkenes ; chemistry ; Chemical Precipitation ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Durapatite ; chemistry ; Phospholipids ; chemistry ; Polyphenols ; chemistry ; Time Factors

Taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene is the precursor for paclitaxel biosynthesis. The diterpenoid paclitaxel (marketed as Taxol), a plant secondary metabolite isolated from yew, is an effective drug widely used in the treatment of numerous cancers. However, further application of taxol has been restricted due to its low yield in plants and the difficulties in extraction. To increase the intact isoprene flux, we constructed the fusion gene plasmid pBgGGTS and individual cassette plasmid pBgGGgTS to enhance the expression levels of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase gene (ggpps) and a taxadiene synthase gene (ts) in Coprinopsis cinerea. These two plasmids were separately transformed into C. cinerea LT2 strain, resulting in several putative transformants. Putative transformants were determined by PCR technique, indicating that 5 out of 13 putative transformants transformed by pBgGGTS and 6 out of 13 putative transformants transformed by pBgGGgTS, respectively. Additionally, the Southern blotting analysis of these 10 transformants confirmed that both ggpps and ts gene were stably integrated into the genome of C. cinerea. Crude extracts from each of the transformants were analyzed. There is no difference in the mycelium extracts among the wild-type LT2 and two types of transformants. However, analysis of culture filtrates indicated that an additional GC peak was found at the retention time of 16.762 min which was absent in the wild type control. The mass fragmentation pattern of this peak had the same diagnostic ions with taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene. According to peak area, the amounts of taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene in each fermented broth were 44 ng/L (transformed with pBgGGgTS) and 30 ng/L (transformed with pBgGGTS), respectively. In conclusion, co-expression of the ggpps and ts gene could increase the taxadiene production in C. cinerea.
Agaricales ; metabolism ; Alkenes ; metabolism ; Diterpenes ; metabolism ; Farnesyltranstransferase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Genetic Engineering ; Isomerases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Paclitaxel ; Plasmids

Study the suitability of organic film for salvianolic acid in the ultrafiltration process of Danshen Dizhuye. UPLC was used to analyze the migration of nine phenolic active ingredients in Danshen Dizhuye during ultrafiltration of PES hollow fiber membrane and PS hollow fiber membrane. The structural composition of multi-components was analyzed by three different batches of Danshen Dizhuye before and after ultrafiltration of the two membranes. The results showed that 9 phenolic active ingredients in Danshen Dizhuye did not change significantly after ultrafiltration through PES membrane. However, after ultrafiltration through PS membrane, the content of sodium danshensu, protocatechualdehyde, caffeic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxycinnamic acid and rosmarinic acid in Danshen Dizhuye did not change significantly, while salvianolic acid D, salvianolic acid B and lithospermic acid decreased by about 20%, and the content of salvianolic acid A decreased significantly. The final content in equilibrium was only about 20% of the original solution. Therefore, an in-depth study on the migration particularity of salvianolic acid A in ultrafiltration membrane was the focuse. The results showed that the loss of salvianolic acid A was caused by both membranes during ultrafiltration, and salvianolic acid A was lost more in PS membrane. When the membrane was washed and regenerated, it was found that salvianolic acid A was detected in the ethanol washing solution, but not in the washing liquid, indicating that the loss of salvianolic acid A during the ultrafiltration was mainly adsorptive action. The results suggested that the migration of phenolic active ingredients in Danshen Dizhuye during the membrane ultrafiltration process did not completely follow the molecular weight passing rule of the membrane pore size. At the same time, it may be affected by factors, such as the structure of the membrane material, and the interaction between the membrane structure and the structure of components, and exhibit different migration behaviors during the ultrafiltration of the membrane.
Alkenes/chemistry* ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry* ; Polyphenols/chemistry* ; Salvia miltiorrhiza/chemistry* ; Ultrafiltration

To prepare salvianolic acid phospholipid compound. With the compound of salvianolic acids and soybean phospholipid as the index, mono-factor experiment and orthogonal design experiment were conducted to screen its technical parameters. According to the results, the optimal preparation conditions of salvianolic acid phospholipid compound were that THF were taken as the reaction solvent, the concentration time was 3 h, the reactant concentration was 5 g x L(-1), the mass ratio of salvianolic acids and phospholipid was 1: 1.5, and the reaction temperature was 40 degrees C. The oil/water partition coefficient of the prepared salvianolic acid phospholipid compound significant increased in water and buffers with different pH values. The results of phase analysis such as DSC, XRD and FTIR indicated that salvianolic acids existed in phospholipid in an amorphous state.
Alkenes ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Chemical Phenomena ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Intestinal Absorption ; Phospholipids ; chemistry ; Polyphenols ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Soybeans ; chemistry ; Temperature

OBJECTIVETo study the plasma protein binding rate of isopropylidene-shikimic acid.

METHODThe ultrafiltration was employed to determine the plasma protein binding rate of isopropylidene-shikimic acid. The plasma concentrations of isopropylidene-shikimic acid were measured by HPLC.

RESULTThe plasma protein binding rate of isopropylidene-shikimic acid with dog plasma at the concentration of 0.3, 0.15 g x L(-1) and 0.5 mg x L(-1) were (4.36 +/- 0.02)%, (4.12 +/- 0.19)% and (2.23 +/- 0.59)%, respectively. While the plasma protein binding rate of isopropylidene-shikimic acid with normal human plasma at the above concentrations were (11.23 +/- 0.01)%, (10.06 +/- 0.69)% and (9.72 +/- 0.59)%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe binding rate of isopropylidene-shikimic acid with plasma protein is low.

Alkenes ; chemistry ; Animals ; Blood Proteins ; metabolism ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Dogs ; Humans ; Protein Binding ; Shikimic Acid ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Species Specificity

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease associated with dementia (PDD) are considered to be frequent types of cortical and subcortical dementia. Definitive diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases is impossible without biopsy. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the brain has long been used for years with cognitive disorders. Nevertheless, differential brain perfusion of patients with PDD and AD who exhibit mild dementia has not been reported. Therefore, we investigated the differences in the cerebral perfusional pattern using perfusion SPECT between mild AD and mild PDD to help clarify the diagnosis in the early stage of these dementias, since accurate diagnosis is crucial in decision regarding treatment, appropriate advice, management and prognosis. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with mild PDD and 32 patients with mild probable AD were enrolled in this study. All subjects underwent 99mTc-hexamethyl propylene amine oxime perfusion SPECT and general neuropsychological tests, and these data including perfusion images were analyzed. RESULTS: Perfusion SPECT showed hypoperfusion in frontal, parietal and temporal regions in both PDD and AD patients with mild dementia. Hypoperfusion in the occipital and cerebellar regions was significantly apparent in only PDD patients. CONCLUSION: Comparison of mild PDD with mild AD showed a significantly decreased perfusion in the occipital and cerebellar region in patients with mild PDD. Cerebral perfusion in the occipital region and the cerebellum could be a crucial differential diagnostic method of these diseases in the early phase. Further studies are needed for a definitive conclusion.
Alkenes ; Alzheimer Disease ; Biopsy ; Brain ; Cerebellum ; Dementia ; Humans ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Parkinson Disease ; Perfusion ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon

The chemical constituents of Taxus chinensis var. mairei cell cultures were investigated by chromatographic methods, including silica gel column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 and preparative HPLC. Thirteen compounds were isolated from the 80% ethanol extract of cultured cells and their structures were elucidated by spectral data and physicochemical properties, which were identified as 2α,4α,7β,9α,10β-pentaacetoxy-14β-hydroxytax-11-ene (1), 2α,4α,7β,9α,10β-pentaacetoxytax-11-ene (2), 1β-deoxybaccatin VI (3), 2α-acetoxytaxusin (4), taxuyunnanine C (5), yunnanxane (6), 2α,5α,10β-triacetoxy-14β-propionyloxy-4 (20), 11-taxadiene (7), 2α,5α,10β-triacetoxy-14β-isobutyryloxy-4 (20), 11-taxadiene (8), 2α,5α,10β-triacetoxy-14β-(2'-methyl)butyryloxy-4 (20), 11-taxadiene (9), 13-dehydroxylbaccatin III (10), 13-dehydroxy-10-deacetylbaccatin III (11), paclitaxel (12) and (13) β-sitosterol. Among them, compound 1 is a new compound, and compounds 2, 4, 10 and 11 are isolated from the cell culture of Taxus chinensis var. mairei for the first time.
Alkenes ; analysis ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Cells, Cultured ; Diterpenes ; analysis ; Molecular Structure ; Paclitaxel ; analysis ; Sitosterols ; analysis ; Taxoids ; analysis ; Taxus ; chemistry