A chemical mutagenesis technique was employed for development of mutant strains of Sparassis crispa targeting the shortened cultivation time and the high beta-glucan content. The homogenized mycelial fragments of S. crispa IUM4010 strain were treated with 0.2 vol% methyl methanesulfonate, an alkylating agent, yielding 199 mutant strains. Subsequent screening in terms of growth and beta-glucan content yielded two mutant strains, B4 and S7. Both mutants exhibited a significant increase in beta-glucan productivity by producing 0.254 and 0.236 mg soluble beta-glucan/mg dry cell weight for the B4 and S7 strains, respectively, whereas the wild type strain produced 0.102 mg soluble beta-glucan/mg dry cell weight. The results demonstrate the usefulness of chemical mutagenesis for generation of mutant mushroom strains.
Agaricales ; Efficiency ; Mass Screening ; Mesylates ; Methyl Methanesulfonate ; Mutagenesis ; Sprains and Strains

No abstract available.
Skin* ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate* ; Sodium*

To investigate formation mechanism of secologanic acid sulfonates in sulfur-fumigated buds of Lonicera japonica, secologanic acid was enriched and purified from the sun-dried buds of L. japonica by various column chromatography on macroporus resin HPD-100, silica gel and ODS. The stimulation experiments of sulfur-fumigation process were carried out using secologanic acid reacted with SO2 in the aqueous solution. The reaction mechanism could be involved in the esterification or addition reaction. The present investigation provides substantial evidences for interpreting formation pathway of secologanic acid sulfonates in sulfur-fumigated buds of L. japonica.
Alkanesulfonates ; chemistry ; Carboxylic Acids ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Flowers ; chemistry ; drug effects ; Lonicera ; chemistry ; drug effects ; Models, Chemical ; Molecular Structure ; Sulfur ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Sulfur Dioxide ; chemistry ; Water ; chemistry

Objective: To investigate the correlation between the prenatal exposure of per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and the neonatal outcome. Methods: A total of 506 maternal infant cohort samples were collected in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province from 2020 to 2021. The exposure levels of seven PFASs in maternal serum before delivery were detected by solid-phase extraction-ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Multivariable linear regression model was used to analyze the influence of prenatal exposure of PFASs on birth weight, birth length and Apgar score. Results: The maternal age, prenatal body mass index and gestation age were (31.3±4.3) years old, (26.7±3.2) kg/m² and (265.0±28.3) days, respectively. The birth weight, birth length and scores of Apgar-1 and Apgar-5 were (3.1±0.8) kg, (49.3±2.9) cm, (9.88±0.47) points and (9.99±0.13) points, respectively. PFASs were widely distributed in maternal serum, with the highest concentration of (18.453±19.557) ng/ml, (6.756±9.379) ng/ml and (5.057±8.555) ng/ml for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and 6∶2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (Cl-PFESA), respectively. Maternal age, parity and delivery mode were associated with the exposure level of PFASs (P<0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that PFOS had negative effects on birth weight (β=-0.958), birth length (β=-0.073) and Apgar-5 score (β=-0.288) for neonates in the low birth weight (LBW) group. 6∶2 Cl-PFESA and 8∶2 Cl-PFESA inhibited the birth weight (β=-0.926; β=-0.552) and length (β=-0.074; β=-0.045) of newborn in the LBW group. In addition, 4∶2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (FTS) was associated with increased birth weight (β=0.111) and decreased Apgar-5 score (β=-0.030) in the normal weight group. Conclusion: Prenatal exposure to PFASs is associated with birth weight, birth length and Apgar-5 score. It is necessary to continue to pay attention to the impact of PFASs on fetal growth and development through maternal-fetal transmission.
Pregnancy ; Infant, Newborn ; Female ; Humans ; Adult ; Birth Weight ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; Alkanesulfonic Acids/analysis* ; Alkanesulfonates/analysis* ; Fluorocarbons/analysis* ; Ethers/analysis* ; Ethyl Ethers/analysis* ; Environmental Pollutants/analysis* ; Maternal Exposure

BACKGROUND: Corrosive irritants can be defined as irritants which in provoked weak reactions or subclinical reactions induce impairment of the water barrier function and increase of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) while non-corrosive irritants can be defined as irritancy of low degree but with no increase of TEWL. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) has been considered as the standard example of corrosive irritant and nonanoic acid (NAA) is an example of a noncorrosive irritant. OBJECT: This study was done to evaluate the skin irritation and recovery by corrosive and non-corrosive irritant in normal human subjects. METHODS: 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5% solution of SLS and 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50% solution of NAA were applied on volar forearm skin in 15 normal healthy subjects. TEWL and Erythema index (E-index) were measured at before (BL), 30 minutes (D0), 1st day (D1), 2nd day (D2), 1st week (W1), 2nd week (W2), 3rd week (W3) after the removal of the patches. RESULTS: Increase of TEWL was accelerated according to concentrations in cases of SLS, whereas increase of TEWL according to concentrations was very weak in cases of NAA. SLS induced a significantly higher TEWL increase than NAA at corresponding concentrations. In both SLS and NAA, E-index was increased according to concentrations with no difference in reaction pattern. SLS and NAA induced similar degrees of E-index at corresponding concentrations. TEWL value was highest at 30 minutes and 1 day after removal of the patch in both SLS and NAA. TEWL was recovered to baseline value at 2 weeks after removal of the patch test in case of low concentrations, at 3 weeks after removal of the patch in case of high concentrations. E-index value was highest at 30 minutes, 1 day, and 2 days after removal of the patch in both SLS and NAA. The period of recovery to baseline varied depending on the concentrations. E-index was recovered to baseline value at 1 day after removal of the patch test in case of low concentrations, and was not recovered to baseline value after 3 weeks in case of high concentrations. CONCLUSION: Corrosive irritant, SLS, showing similar degree of erythema with non-corrosive irritant, NAA, induced much more damage to stratum corneum barrier function at corresponding concentrations. Skin injuries induced by corrosive irritants would need more prolonged recovery time than skin injuries by non-corrosive irritants, and TEWL measurement would be even more sensitive than E-index measurement in case of corrosive irritants, while both TEWL and E-index measurement could be useful in case of non-corrosive irritants.
Erythema ; Forearm ; Humans ; Irritants* ; Patch Tests ; Skin* ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α/γ agonist on atherosclerotic plaque stabilization in diabetic LDL receptor knockout (LDLr-/-) mice.

METHODSFemale 4-week-old LDLr-/- mice fed with high-glucose and high-fat diet for 4 weeks were randomly divided into three groups (n = 15 each): control group (only fed with high-glucose and high-fat diet), diabetic group [induced by high-glucose and high-fat diet combined with a low-dose of streptozotocin (STZ)] without tesaglitazar and with tesaglitazar (20 µg/kg oral treatment). After 6 weeks, the mice were sacrificed, body weight, fasting blood glucose (Glu), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) levels were measured. The expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, MCP-1 in the brachiocephalic atherosclerotic lesions were determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Brachiocephalic artery was prepared for morphologic study (HE, oil red O, Sirius red staining) and immunohistochemical analysis (macrophage surface molecule-3, α-smooth muscle actin), respectively.

RESULTSSerum TC [(32.34 ± 3.26) mmol/L vs. (16.17 ± 1.91) mmol/L], TG [(3.57 ± 0.99) mmol/L vs. (2.21 ± 0.11) mmol/L] and Glu [(15.21 ± 4.67) mmol/L vs. (6.89 ± 0.83) mmol/L] levels were significantly higher in diabetic group than in the control group (all P < 0.01). The expression of ICAM-1 (2.31 ± 0.35 vs.1.34 ± 0.21), VCAM-1 (1.65 ± 0.14 vs.0.82 ± 0.26), MCP-1 (2.27 ± 0.16 vs.1.56 ± 0.23) were significantly upregulated in diabetic group compared with control group (all P < 0.01). Brachiocephalic atherosclerotic plaque area [(4.597 ± 1.260)×10(3) µm(2) vs. (0.075 ± 0.030)×10(3) µm(2)], lipid deposition [(47.23 ± 2.64)% vs. (9.67 ± 1.75)%], Mac-3 positive area [(19.15 ± 3.51)% vs. (1.72 ± 0.16)%], α-smooth muscle actin [(5.54 ± 1.17)% vs. (2.13 ± 0.41)%] and collagen content [(4.27 ± 0.74)% vs. (0.43 ± 0.09)%] were all significantly larger/higher in diabetic LDLr-/- mice than in the control group (all P < 0.01). While tesaglitazar treatment significantly reduced serum TC [(30.47 ± 3.18) mmol/L], TG [(3.14 ± 0.71) mmol/L] and Glu [(7.92 ± 1.28) mmol/L] levels (all P < 0.01). Similarly, the expression of ICAM-1 [(1.84 ± 0.22)], VCAM-1 [(1.27 ± 0.11)], MCP-1 [(1.83 ± 0.24)], brachiocephalic atherosclerotic lesion area[(1.283 ± 0.410)×10(3) µm(2)], lipid deposition[(23.52 ± 1.39)%] were also significantly reduced by tesaglitazar (all P < 0.05). Moreover, tesaglitazar increased α-smooth muscle actin [(9.46 ± 1.47)%] and collagen content [(6.32 ± 1.15)%] in diabetic LDLr-/- mice (all P < 0.05). In addition, lipid deposition and Mac-3 positive areas [(10.67 ± 0.88)% vs. (15.83 ± 1.01)%] in the aortic root were also reduced in tesaglitazar treated diabetic LDLr-/- mice (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSTesaglitazar has anti-inflammatory effects in the diabetic LDLr-/- mice. Tesaglitazar could reduce lipid deposition, increase collagen and α-SMA content in the brachiocephalic atherosclerotic lesions, thus, stabilize atherosclerotic plaque in this model.

Actins ; metabolism ; Alkanesulfonates ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Collagen ; metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; metabolism ; pathology ; Diet, High-Fat ; adverse effects ; Female ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 ; metabolism ; Lipid Metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; PPAR alpha ; agonists ; PPAR gamma ; agonists ; Phenylpropionates ; pharmacology ; Plaque, Atherosclerotic ; metabolism ; pathology ; Receptors, LDL ; genetics ; Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 ; metabolism

Mefenamic acid is a potent analgesic possessing both anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. It is completely absorbed one to two hours after intake. Majority of patients however, expect relief of pain within 15 minutes. A new oral mefenamic acid containing sodium lauryl sulfate with a dissolution rate of 98 per cent in 15 minutes has been introduced. This phase 4 clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the onset of pain relief upon administration of mefenamic acid 500 mg combined with sodium lauryl sulfate. The study was an open, noncomparative clinical trial. Physicians all over the Philippines were asked to fill up a standard 3-page case report form. A total of 2,617 patients with a mean age of 36 years were enrolled. Forty two per cent were males and fifty eight per cent were females. Seventy per cent of patients took the drug every 6-8 hours. Majority (78.38%) reported complete resolution of pain (54.3%) of which occurred within 15 minutes, increasing to 84.93% within 30 minutes). Only 1.12 per cent showed no response. Forty one patients (1.57%) reported minor adverse reactions, majority of whose conditions improved with withdrawal of the drug. The overall assessment of clinical response was very good to excellent in 77.66 percent of patients.(Author)

Human ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Mefenamic Acid ; Antipyretics ; Dodecyl Sulfate ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate ; Analgesics ; Pain ; Anti-inflammatory Agents ; Pain Management

Five volunteers received patch tests with 5% sodium lauryl sulfate (SIS) in solutions of differing pH. The irritant effect was monitored by visual scoring as well as by a laser Doppler vlelocimeter, evaporimeter, cutometer, and colorimeter. The non-invasive methods used in this study with the exception of the cutometer were effective in the evaluation of skin irritation. No significant differences in the skin responses to SIS in different pH solutions were found either clinically or by the non-invasive methods used for quantification. It was concluded that the pH of SIS is not a major factor in the degree of skin irritation produced by SIS.
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration* ; Patch Tests ; Skin ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate* ; Sodium* ; Volunteers

Irritant skin reactions can be evaluated by several techniques. Using different scores for the degree of erythema, edema, scaling and fissuring is the time-honored approach but implies t,he disadventagrs of lacking objectivity and pararretric properties. This paper describes the objective nteasurement of irritant. skin responses to various concentrations of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate(SLS) and Ethanol by a color reflectance meter(Chroma Meter) and compares with visual scoring The results are summarized as follows : 1. Pretreatment assessments by a Chroma Meter on normal forearm area showed an average score of 7.70+1.53 for Chroma Meter value a*(rediies:; score). 2. Skin responses to SLS in various concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5% under occlusion for 24 hours were assessed by visual scoring system. They are measured 0.56+1.10, 0.74+1.29, 1.19 1.36, 2.11+1.69, 2.19+1.91, 2.56+1.50 2.81+2.16 respectively. 3. Skin responses to SLS in various concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5% under occlusion for 24 hour were assessed by a Chroma Meter valu a*(redness score). They are measured 8.29+1.98, 8.37+2.47, 9.31+2.27, 10.34+2.97, 10.35+3.18, 10.51+2.47, 11.61+3.45 respectively. 4. Skin responses to Ethanol in various concentrations were nearly negligible. 5. We have demonstrated there is a highly significant correlation between skin redness measured by the Chroma Meter and visually assessed erypthma(p<0.0001). It yields reproducible, objective, quantitative measurements of iryhema that parallel the subjective visual assessments.
Edema ; Erythema* ; Ethanol* ; Forearm ; Humans ; Male ; Skin* ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate* ; Sodium*

BACKGROUND: With the development of bioengineering techniques for noninvasive characterization of skin pathophysiology, the induction of irritant dermatitis by surfactants has been extensively studied. OBJECTIVE: We performed this study to compare the skin responses in terms of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and erythema induced by benzalkonium chloride (BAC), a well-known non-corrosive irritant, in comparison with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), a representative corrosive irritant. METHOD: We applied 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2% solutions of BAC and SLS on volar forearm skin for 24 hours using a large Finn chamber with filter paper disc on 19 normal healthy subjects. TEWL and erythema index (E-index) were measured prior to testing, then at 30 minutes, one day, two days, three days, one week, and two weeks after the removal of the patches. RESULTS: TEWL values of BAC and SLS patch areas increased with concentration. However, BAC induced a significantly lower TEWL increase than SLS did at the corresponding concentrations. TEWL induced by BAC was highest at 30 minutes after the removal of the patch, whereas TEWL induced by SLS was highest at one day. TEWL values had recovered with the passage of time to baseline values at 2 weeks after removal of the patch at lower concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.5%) of SLS, but still showed significantly high TEWL values at 1% and 2% concentration SLS patch areas. TEWL values of BAC in 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 and 1% concentrations had recovered to the baseline values at 2 weeks after the removal of the patch, but not in 2% concentration BAC patch areas. E-indices of BAC and SLS increased with concentration in a similar reaction pattern. E-index induced by BAC was highest at 30 minutes after the removal of the patch, and E-index induced by SLS was highest at 30 minutes or 1 day after the removal of the patch. E-index of each concentration, except 2%, had recovered with the passage of time to baseline values on both BAC and SLS patch areas at 2 weeks, but E-indices of both 2% BAC and SLS did not recover at 2 weeks. CONCLUSION: Benzalkonium chloride showed much less damage to the skin barrier function compared to the corresponding concentration of SLS, whilst they showed a similar degree of erythema. Skin barrier function affected by the corrosive irritant SLS would need a more prolonged recovery time than skin barrier disruption by non-corrosive irritant BAC.
Benzalkonium Compounds* ; Bioengineering ; Dermatitis, Irritant ; Erythema ; Forearm ; Skin* ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate* ; Sodium* ; Surface-Active Agents