A chemical mutagenesis technique was employed for development of mutant strains of Sparassis crispa targeting the shortened cultivation time and the high beta-glucan content. The homogenized mycelial fragments of S. crispa IUM4010 strain were treated with 0.2 vol% methyl methanesulfonate, an alkylating agent, yielding 199 mutant strains. Subsequent screening in terms of growth and beta-glucan content yielded two mutant strains, B4 and S7. Both mutants exhibited a significant increase in beta-glucan productivity by producing 0.254 and 0.236 mg soluble beta-glucan/mg dry cell weight for the B4 and S7 strains, respectively, whereas the wild type strain produced 0.102 mg soluble beta-glucan/mg dry cell weight. The results demonstrate the usefulness of chemical mutagenesis for generation of mutant mushroom strains.
Agaricales ; Efficiency ; Mass Screening ; Mesylates ; Methyl Methanesulfonate ; Mutagenesis ; Sprains and Strains

No abstract available.
Skin* ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate* ; Sodium*

To investigate formation mechanism of secologanic acid sulfonates in sulfur-fumigated buds of Lonicera japonica, secologanic acid was enriched and purified from the sun-dried buds of L. japonica by various column chromatography on macroporus resin HPD-100, silica gel and ODS. The stimulation experiments of sulfur-fumigation process were carried out using secologanic acid reacted with SO2 in the aqueous solution. The reaction mechanism could be involved in the esterification or addition reaction. The present investigation provides substantial evidences for interpreting formation pathway of secologanic acid sulfonates in sulfur-fumigated buds of L. japonica.
Alkanesulfonates ; chemistry ; Carboxylic Acids ; chemistry ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Flowers ; chemistry ; drug effects ; Lonicera ; chemistry ; drug effects ; Models, Chemical ; Molecular Structure ; Sulfur ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Sulfur Dioxide ; chemistry ; Water ; chemistry

Objective: To investigate the correlation between the prenatal exposure of per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and the neonatal outcome. Methods: A total of 506 maternal infant cohort samples were collected in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province from 2020 to 2021. The exposure levels of seven PFASs in maternal serum before delivery were detected by solid-phase extraction-ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Multivariable linear regression model was used to analyze the influence of prenatal exposure of PFASs on birth weight, birth length and Apgar score. Results: The maternal age, prenatal body mass index and gestation age were (31.3±4.3) years old, (26.7±3.2) kg/m² and (265.0±28.3) days, respectively. The birth weight, birth length and scores of Apgar-1 and Apgar-5 were (3.1±0.8) kg, (49.3±2.9) cm, (9.88±0.47) points and (9.99±0.13) points, respectively. PFASs were widely distributed in maternal serum, with the highest concentration of (18.453±19.557) ng/ml, (6.756±9.379) ng/ml and (5.057±8.555) ng/ml for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and 6∶2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (Cl-PFESA), respectively. Maternal age, parity and delivery mode were associated with the exposure level of PFASs (P<0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that PFOS had negative effects on birth weight (β=-0.958), birth length (β=-0.073) and Apgar-5 score (β=-0.288) for neonates in the low birth weight (LBW) group. 6∶2 Cl-PFESA and 8∶2 Cl-PFESA inhibited the birth weight (β=-0.926; β=-0.552) and length (β=-0.074; β=-0.045) of newborn in the LBW group. In addition, 4∶2 fluorotelomer sulfonate (FTS) was associated with increased birth weight (β=0.111) and decreased Apgar-5 score (β=-0.030) in the normal weight group. Conclusion: Prenatal exposure to PFASs is associated with birth weight, birth length and Apgar-5 score. It is necessary to continue to pay attention to the impact of PFASs on fetal growth and development through maternal-fetal transmission.
Pregnancy ; Infant, Newborn ; Female ; Humans ; Adult ; Birth Weight ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; Alkanesulfonic Acids/analysis* ; Alkanesulfonates/analysis* ; Fluorocarbons/analysis* ; Ethers/analysis* ; Ethyl Ethers/analysis* ; Environmental Pollutants/analysis* ; Maternal Exposure

BACKGROUND: Corrosive irritants can be defined as irritants which in provoked weak reactions or subclinical reactions induce impairment of the water barrier function and increase of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) while non-corrosive irritants can be defined as irritancy of low degree but with no increase of TEWL. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) has been considered as the standard example of corrosive irritant and nonanoic acid (NAA) is an example of a noncorrosive irritant. OBJECT: This study was done to evaluate the skin irritation and recovery by corrosive and non-corrosive irritant in normal human subjects. METHODS: 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5% solution of SLS and 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50% solution of NAA were applied on volar forearm skin in 15 normal healthy subjects. TEWL and Erythema index (E-index) were measured at before (BL), 30 minutes (D0), 1st day (D1), 2nd day (D2), 1st week (W1), 2nd week (W2), 3rd week (W3) after the removal of the patches. RESULTS: Increase of TEWL was accelerated according to concentrations in cases of SLS, whereas increase of TEWL according to concentrations was very weak in cases of NAA. SLS induced a significantly higher TEWL increase than NAA at corresponding concentrations. In both SLS and NAA, E-index was increased according to concentrations with no difference in reaction pattern. SLS and NAA induced similar degrees of E-index at corresponding concentrations. TEWL value was highest at 30 minutes and 1 day after removal of the patch in both SLS and NAA. TEWL was recovered to baseline value at 2 weeks after removal of the patch test in case of low concentrations, at 3 weeks after removal of the patch in case of high concentrations. E-index value was highest at 30 minutes, 1 day, and 2 days after removal of the patch in both SLS and NAA. The period of recovery to baseline varied depending on the concentrations. E-index was recovered to baseline value at 1 day after removal of the patch test in case of low concentrations, and was not recovered to baseline value after 3 weeks in case of high concentrations. CONCLUSION: Corrosive irritant, SLS, showing similar degree of erythema with non-corrosive irritant, NAA, induced much more damage to stratum corneum barrier function at corresponding concentrations. Skin injuries induced by corrosive irritants would need more prolonged recovery time than skin injuries by non-corrosive irritants, and TEWL measurement would be even more sensitive than E-index measurement in case of corrosive irritants, while both TEWL and E-index measurement could be useful in case of non-corrosive irritants.
Erythema ; Forearm ; Humans ; Irritants* ; Patch Tests ; Skin* ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate

Mefenamic acid is a potent analgesic possessing both anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties. It is completely absorbed one to two hours after intake. Majority of patients however, expect relief of pain within 15 minutes. A new oral mefenamic acid containing sodium lauryl sulfate with a dissolution rate of 98 per cent in 15 minutes has been introduced. This phase 4 clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the onset of pain relief upon administration of mefenamic acid 500 mg combined with sodium lauryl sulfate. The study was an open, noncomparative clinical trial. Physicians all over the Philippines were asked to fill up a standard 3-page case report form. A total of 2,617 patients with a mean age of 36 years were enrolled. Forty two per cent were males and fifty eight per cent were females. Seventy per cent of patients took the drug every 6-8 hours. Majority (78.38%) reported complete resolution of pain (54.3%) of which occurred within 15 minutes, increasing to 84.93% within 30 minutes). Only 1.12 per cent showed no response. Forty one patients (1.57%) reported minor adverse reactions, majority of whose conditions improved with withdrawal of the drug. The overall assessment of clinical response was very good to excellent in 77.66 percent of patients.(Author)

Human ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Mefenamic Acid ; Antipyretics ; Dodecyl Sulfate ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate ; Analgesics ; Pain ; Anti-inflammatory Agents ; Pain Management

BACKGROUND: The main function of the stratum corneum is to serve as a barrier preventing the penetration of irritants and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Previous studies have shown that the cutaneous barrier disruption by application of acetone or sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and tape stripping leads to various metabolic changes. Recent studies showed that there was some difference in the recovery rate between tape-stripped groups and acetone-treated groups, and an individual irritant not only exerted rather specific morphologic effects on the cellular components of the keratinocyte but also induced distinct morphological alterations of the different components of the stratum corneum. In other words, this data suggested that individual irritants could show different cutaneous barrier recoveries. OBJECTIVE: This study was done to compare the recovery rate after cutaneous barrier disruption between a tape-stripped group and a SLS irritated group, and to test the relationship among baseline TEWL, TEWL after the SLS irritation, recovery of TEWL, and number of strippings needed to increase TEWL up to 20g/m2/h. METHODS: The permeability barrier of normal human skin was disrupted by tape stripping and patch of SLS and the recovery rate was assessed by measure of TEWL and erythema (E-) index. RESULTS: The number of tape strippings needed to increase TEWL up to 20g/m2/h was 32.7+-9.6 (20-50). The recovery rate of TEWL was 56.85+-17.97% twenty-four hours after tape stripping and 51.55+/-24.73% after patch removal, and 82.70+/-8.70% and 76.61+/-11.14% four days after tape stripping and patch removal. There was no significant difference in the recovery rate of TEWL after the two methods of epidermal barrier perturbation. All the correlations among baseline TEWL, TEWL after the SLS irritation, recovery of TEWL, and number of strippings were not significant statistically. E-index after the tape stripping was 12.07+/-2.95 and higher than that after removal of SLS, 11.20+/-2.51. There was irregular recovery of E-index in the SLS irritated group, but not irregular in the tape-stripped group. There was no significant difference in the recovery rate between the two groups. CONCLUSION:There was no significant difference in the recovery rates of TEWL and E-index between the tape-stripped group and the SLS irritated group. We suggest that TEWL measurements may be more desirable than the measurement of E-index in the study of perturbation and recovery of the skin barrier function.
Acetone ; Erythema ; Humans ; Irritants ; Keratinocytes ; Permeability ; Skin* ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate* ; Sodium*

Five volunteers received patch tests with 5% sodium lauryl sulfate (SIS) in solutions of differing pH. The irritant effect was monitored by visual scoring as well as by a laser Doppler vlelocimeter, evaporimeter, cutometer, and colorimeter. The non-invasive methods used in this study with the exception of the cutometer were effective in the evaluation of skin irritation. No significant differences in the skin responses to SIS in different pH solutions were found either clinically or by the non-invasive methods used for quantification. It was concluded that the pH of SIS is not a major factor in the degree of skin irritation produced by SIS.
Hydrogen-Ion Concentration* ; Patch Tests ; Skin ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate* ; Sodium* ; Volunteers

Irritant skin reactions can be evaluated by several techniques. Using different scores for the degree of erythema, edema, scaling and fissuring is the time-honored approach but implies t,he disadventagrs of lacking objectivity and pararretric properties. This paper describes the objective nteasurement of irritant. skin responses to various concentrations of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate(SLS) and Ethanol by a color reflectance meter(Chroma Meter) and compares with visual scoring The results are summarized as follows : 1. Pretreatment assessments by a Chroma Meter on normal forearm area showed an average score of 7.70+1.53 for Chroma Meter value a*(rediies:; score). 2. Skin responses to SLS in various concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5% under occlusion for 24 hours were assessed by visual scoring system. They are measured 0.56+1.10, 0.74+1.29, 1.19 1.36, 2.11+1.69, 2.19+1.91, 2.56+1.50 2.81+2.16 respectively. 3. Skin responses to SLS in various concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5% under occlusion for 24 hour were assessed by a Chroma Meter valu a*(redness score). They are measured 8.29+1.98, 8.37+2.47, 9.31+2.27, 10.34+2.97, 10.35+3.18, 10.51+2.47, 11.61+3.45 respectively. 4. Skin responses to Ethanol in various concentrations were nearly negligible. 5. We have demonstrated there is a highly significant correlation between skin redness measured by the Chroma Meter and visually assessed erypthma(p<0.0001). It yields reproducible, objective, quantitative measurements of iryhema that parallel the subjective visual assessments.
Edema ; Erythema* ; Ethanol* ; Forearm ; Humans ; Male ; Skin* ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate* ; Sodium*

BACKGROUND: Sodium lauryl sulfate(SLS) is the most widely utilized model for studying acute and cumulative irritation. Sodium lauroyl glutamate(SLG) has exhibited a low irritation potential and an anti-irritating effect on other anionic surfactants. OBJECTIVE: Our study was done to compare the skin irritancy of SLS and SLG using non-in- vasive techniques. METHODS: Patches with 1% SLS and SLG solution were applied to the volar forearm of 20 healthy volunteers for 24 h. Finn chambers with 8mm(20pl) and 12mm(60pl) inner diameters were used. Visual scores, transepidermal water loss(TEWL) and an erythema(E)-index were measured at 30 min after removal of the patches, and every 24hours(h) up to 4 days. RESULTS: The results are summarized as follows. 1. Visual scores were 0.20+0.30(8mm) and 0.73+0.34(12mm) at 24 h after removal of 1% SLS and were 0.15+0.29(8mm) and 0.30+0.41(12mm) at 24 h after removal of 1% SLG. They were increased at 30 min and 24 h after removal and decreased towards normal at 4 days after removal. By chamber size, the skin response with large Firin chamber(12mm) increased more significantly than with the small Finn chamber(8mm). In the small Finn chamber, there were no significant differences in the skin response between 1% SLS and 1% SLG. In the large Finn chamber, the skin response with 1% SLS increased more significantly than with 1% SLG. 2. TEWL values were 11.14+4.77(8mm) and 20.48+10.61(12mm) at 24 h after removal of 1 % SLS and were 10.38+3.99 and 14.87+7.46 at 24 h after removal of 1% SLG. They were increased at 30 min after removal and decreased towards normal 4 days after removal. By chamber size, their results were the same as the visual scores. Also, on comparison between 1% SLS and 1% SLG, their results were the same as the visual scores. 3. E-index was 10.05+2.70(8mm) and 11.15+2.56(12mm) at 24 h after removal of 1% SLS and was 10.15+2.16 and 10.60+2.26 at 24 h after removal of 1% SLG. They were increased at 30 min after removal and decreased towards normal 4 days after removal. By chamber size, their results were the same as the visual scores. In the small and large Finn chamber, there were no significant differences in the skin response between 1% SLS and 1% SLG. CONCLUSION: SLS is more irritating than SLG. The large Finn chamber may be more suitable to yield positive irritant reactions than the small Finn chamber. Also, TEWL measurements may be a more accurate and sensitive method than the E-index.
Forearm ; Glutamic Acid* ; Healthy Volunteers ; Skin ; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate* ; Sodium* ; Surface-Active Agents