OBJECTIVETo optimize the extracting process of ethanol extract with hypouricemic effect from Rhizoma Alismatis.

METHODOrthogonal design was utilized to optimize the preparing conditions including the concentration of ethanol, amount of ethanol, extraction times and extraction duration per time while alisol B 23-acetate was selected as the evaluation index. Both the alisol B 23-acetate and the serum uric acid levels were measured by HPLC.

RESULTThe ethanol extract had hypouricemic action. Only extraction times had significant effect on the content of alisol B 23-acetate in ethanol extract.

CONCLUSIONThe optimal extraction process is to extract two times using sevenfold 70% ethanol and 1 h per time.

Alismataceae ; chemistry ; Animals ; Chemical Fractionation ; methods ; Disease Models, Animal ; Ethanol ; chemistry ; Humans ; Hyperuricemia ; blood ; drug therapy ; Mice ; Plant Extracts ; administration & dosage ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Uric Acid ; blood ; Uricosuric Agents ; administration & dosage

This study explored whether Sagittaria sagittifolia polysaccharides(SSP) activates the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor2(Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) signaling pathway to protect against liver damage jointly induced by multiple heavy metals. First, based on the proportion of dietary intake of six heavy metals in rice available in Beijing market, a heavy metal mixture was prepared for inducing mouse liver injury and HepG2 cell injury. Forty male Kunming mice were divided into five groups: control group, model group, glutathione positive control group, and low-and high-dose SSP groups, with eight mice in each group. After 30 days of intragastric administration, the liver injury in mice was observed by HE staining. In the in vitro experiment, MTT assay was conducted to detect the effects of SSP at 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg·mL~(-1) on HepG2 cell survival at different time points. The content of alanine transaminase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) in the 48-h cell culture fluid was measured using micro-plate cultivation method, followed by the detection of the change in reactive oxygen species(ROS) content by flow cytometry. The mRNA expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 in cells were determined by RT-PCR, and their protein expression by Western blot. HE staining results showed that compared with the model group, the SSP administration groups exhibited significantly alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration and fatty infiltration in the liver, with better outcomes observed in the high-dose SSP group. In the in vitro MTT assay, compared with the model group, SSP at four concentrations all significantly increased the cell survival rate, decreased the ALT, AST, and ROS content(P<0.05), and down-regulated Nrf2 and HO-1 mRNA and protein expression(P<0.05). SSP significantly improves inflammatory infiltration in the liver tissue of mice exposed to a variety of heavy metals and corrects the liver fat degeneration, which may be related to its regulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, reduction of ROS, and alleviation of oxidative damage.
Animals ; Heme Oxygenase-1/metabolism* ; Liver ; Male ; Metals, Heavy/metabolism* ; Mice ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism* ; Oxidative Stress ; Polysaccharides/pharmacology* ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism* ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism* ; Sagittaria/metabolism*

No abstract available.
Agglutination* ; Alisma* ; Animals ; Erythrocytes* ; Mice* ; Plantago*

Climate in China has fluctuated greatly for last two thousand years. Also, the temperate-subtropical transition zone, as well as the distribution boundaries of subtropical biology and growth of suitable areas appear north-south lapse. In historical period, significant climate change will also be bound to the changes of the medicinal organism distribution suitable areas. The past dynasties herbal herbs have documented origin in detail, especially genuine medicinal materials producing areas. In this paper, Alisma orientale and Citrus aurtantium as examples, were used to elaborate the impact of climate change fluctuations on genuine producing area by evolution and change of genuine producing areas. The results showed that medicinal species were more sensitive to climate change such as A. orientale and C. aurtantium, its main producing areas or genuine producing area from north to south shifted in the Ming and Qing dynasties, consistent with the characteristics of climate change in China in last two thousand years. Factors prompted producing areas southward are not only low temperature and cold damage, and temperature and humidity have often synergistic effect. The human activities are more likely to exacerbate the impact.
Alisma ; growth & development ; Citrus ; growth & development ; Climate Change ; Time Factors

OBJECTIVETo investigate the triterpenoids chemical constituents in rhizome of Alisma gramineum.

METHODSilicon gel chromatography and HPLC techniques were employed for isolation and purification of the constituents, and the structures were elucidated by various spectral analyses such as NMR, MS and IR.

RESULT5 protostane-type tetracyclic triterpenoids were isolated and identified as 16,23-oxidoalisol B(1), 11-deoxyalisol C(2), alisol F(3), 16beta-methoxyalisol B acetate (4), 16beta-hydroxyalisol B acetate (5).

CONCLUSIONAll of these compounds were found from A. gramineum for the first time.

Alisma ; chemistry ; Cholestanones ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rhizome ; chemistry ; Triterpenes ; chemistry ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo compare the roles of alisma and gliclazide in the treatment of diabetes in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats.

METHODSGK rats were randomly divided into alisma group, gliclazide group, and blank group, and Wistar rats were used as the normal group. After two weeks of treatment, body weight, food intake,fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and other indicators were measured.

RESULTSThe body weight increased after the treatment in the normal group,blank group,and gliclazide group [(241.3 ± 7.0)g vs.(263.5 ± 11.1)g, (242.8 ± 7.1)g vs.(267.9 ± 16.8)g, (243.9 ± 12.2)g vs.(277.9 ± 9.8)g, P<0.05] but decreased in alisma group [(244.6 ± 9.2)g vs.(227.9 ± 13.7)g, P<0.05]. The food intake showed no significant change before and after administration among different groups(P>0.05). Fasting glucose was significantly lower in normal group than in control group,alisma group,and gliclazide group [(4.8 ± 0.2) mmol/L vs.(8.2 ± 1.4) mmol/L,(8.1 ± 0.6) mmol/L, (8.1 ± 0.9)mmol/L, P<0.05] one week after drug administration; it was not significantly different among blank group,alisma group,and gliclazide group before drug administration (P>0.05); however, it significantly decreased in alisma group and gliclazide group two weeks after administration [(6.9 ± 0.7) mmol/L vs.(8.1 ± 0.6) mmol/L; (5.8 ± 0.5) mmol/L vs.(8.1 ± 0.9) mmol/L, P<0.05]; compared with the blank group, the fasting glucose was significantly lower in the alisma group and gliclazide group,and it was also significantly different between these two groups [(6.9 ± 0.7) mmol/L vs.(8.8 ± 0.6) mmol/L,(5.8 ± 0.5)mmol/L vs.(8.8 ± 0.6)mmol/L, (6.9 ± 0.7) mmol/L vs.(5.8 ± 0.5)mmol/L, P<0.05]. Compared with the normal group,glucose tolerance was abnormal in blank group,alisma group,and gliclazide group;after two weeks of treatment,glucose tolerance was significantly improved in alisma group (P<0.05); compared with the pretreatment level and that in the blank group,the glucose tolerance in gliclazide group showed no significant difference (P> 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSBoth alisma and gliclazide monotherapy is effective in lowering fasting blood glucose. As a single-target drug,gliclazide has stronger effecacy in lowering fasting glucose. However, alisma, as a mixture, can also control weight and improve glucose intolerance.

Alisma ; Animals ; Blood Glucose ; Body Weight ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; Gliclazide ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

UNLABELLEDTo study the effect of S-3307 on the yield and main ingredients of Alisma plantago-aquatica.

METHODThe contents of 24-acetyl alisol A and the 23-acetyl alisol B in tuber were determined by HPLC.

RESULTSThe contents of 24-acetyl alisol A and the 23-acetyl alisol B as well as yield were significantly increased in all groups applied with different concentrations of S-3307 comparing with control group. The optimal concentration of S-3307 was 80 mg x kg(-1). The residues of S-3307 was detected under 0.316 8 mg x kg(-1) (detecting limit).

CONCLUSIONThe optimal concentration of S-3307 is 80 mg x kg(-1), it reached the best result when applied 36 d after seedling.

Alisma ; chemistry ; drug effects ; growth & development ; Cholestenones ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Plant Growth Regulators ; pharmacology

Alisma orientalis is a traditional herb medicine commonly used in clinical. With the increasing report of its toxicity in clinical, the renal toxicity of Alisma orientalis has got gradually attention. This paper systematically reviews the research on the chemical material basis of Alisma orientalis including its chemical composition and toxicity of ingredients; and also declares its toxic ingredients and targets according to Network toxicology. Based on the controversy on renal toxicity of Alisma orientalis, we analyzed the possible reasons that may be associated with renal toxicity. It might be associated with the differences of the material basis composition and regulatory toxicology network, differences in employed processing technology, the metabolic function leading to accumulation of compounds, dosage and duration of the experiment and compatibility. The review provides possible reference and ideas for the quality control and rational use of Alisma orientalis.
Alisma ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; toxicity ; Humans ; Molecular Structure

UNLABELLEDTo compare yield, alisol content of Alisma orientalis planted at different ecological climatic regions, and explore further the impact of environmental factors on the yield and quality.

METHODDifferent local varieties were planted at varing ecological climatic conditions. Diameter, yield was measured after harvest, the contents of 23-acetyl alisol B and 24-acetyl alisol A were quantitatively analyzed by HPLC.

RESULTThe result revealed that ecological condition had significant impacts on yield and alisol content. Yield of MeiShan was the highest which was up to 1 200.72 kg x hm(-2). The contents of 23-acetyl alisol B and 24-acetyl alisol A of A. orientalis cultivated in Dujiangyan were significantly higher than those of other regions, the values were up to 4.222, 2.727 g x kg(-1), respectively. 23-acetyl alisol B content was positively correlated with 24-acetyl alisol A content (P < 0.01). The diameter was positively correlated with yield (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONConsidering yield and medicinal ingredients, Dujiangyan may be the most suitable region to plant A. orientalis.

Alisma ; chemistry ; growth & development ; Biomass ; China ; Cholestenones ; analysis ; Climate ; Plant Extracts ; analysis ; Temperature

Based on the introduction and cultivation of Alisma germplasm which were from Fujian, Jiangxi and Sichuan provinces, the biological characteristics, morphological characteristics and quality were observed and studied. After three-year continuous experiment and monographic study, there were remarkable difference in the biological characteristics, morphological characteristics and product quality of Fujian Alisma, Sichuan Alisma and Jiangxi Alisma. Fujian Alisma and Jiangxi Alisma were the same plant species of A. orientalis, whereas Sichuan Alisma and Fujian Alisma were the different plant species of A. plantago-aquatica. The study results will provide the theoretical and practical basis for the genuine medicinal materials research and good agricultural practice (GAP) of Alisma.
Alisma ; chemistry ; genetics ; growth & development ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Quality Control