Air ; analysis ; Alcohols ; analysis ; Electrophoresis, Capillary ; Workplace

This study aims to establish an HPLC method for simultaneous determination of gastrodin and eight nucleosides and nucleobases components in Gastrodia elata. The separation was carried out on an Agilent Zorbax Bonus-RP (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 μm) column with a methanol-(0.04% acetic acid) water solution gradient elution program at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). The column temperature was 36 degrees C, and the detection wavelength was 254 nm. The volume of injection was 20 μL. The nine components including gastrodin, cytosine, uracil, cytosine, adenine, thymine, uridine, guanosine and adenosine were well separated. The calibration curve was well linear in the range of 2.04-262.00 mg x L(-1), 0.20-24.67 mg x L(-1), 0.18-23.75 mg x L(-1), 0.20-25.83 mg x L(-1), 0.20-26.67 mg x L(-1), 0.16-20.00 mg x L(-1), 0.22-27.71 mg x L(-1), 0.20-24.29 mg x L(-1), 0.24-30.58 mg x L(-1), respectively, and the correlation coefficient was between 0.998 9-0.999 9. The average recovery of gastrodin and eight nucleosides and nucleobases were 96.4%-99.6%, RSD less than 2.7% (n = 6). The contents of gastrodin in all the seven Tibet cultured Gastrodia elata samples were over 2 mg x g(-1). Further, all samples contain higher contents of adenosine, guanosine, uridine and cytidine compared to low contents of cytosine, uracil, adenine and thymine. The established method is accurate, reproducible and suitable for the determination of gastrodin and eight nucleosides and nucleobases comppnents in Gastrodia elata.
Benzyl Alcohols ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Gastrodia ; chemistry ; Glucosides ; analysis ; Nucleosides ; analysis ; Nucleotides ; analysis

OBJECTIVETo investigate the chemical constituents in 95% alcohol extract of Solanum lyratum.

METHODThe compounds were isolated by column chromatography over silica gel, and purified by Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative TLC. The structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral data.

RESULTEleven compounds were isolated and identified as: formononetin (1), vanillic acid (2), genistein (3), apigenin (4), N-trans-feruloyltyramine (5), N-p-coumaroyltyramine (6), daidzein (7), caffeic aicd (8), protocatechuic acid (9), daidzin (10), and N-trans-feruloyl-3-methyldopamine (11).

CONCLUSIONFor the first time, compound 11 was separated from Solanaceae plant, and compounds 5 and 10 were isolated from Solanum, and compounds 1, 3, 4, 7 and 9 were obtained from this plant for the first time.

Alcohols ; chemistry ; Amides ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Flavonoids ; analysis ; isolation & purification ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Solanum ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo discuss the synergistic mechanism of compatible use of two medicinal herbs, Zingiber offiicinale and Aconitum cainichaeli, by determining single decoction of Z. offiicinale and four gingerols (6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 10-gingerol) contained in compound decoction of Z. offiicinale and A. cainichaeli of different compatibility ratio using HPLC.

METHODKromasil-C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) was adopted. The mobile phase was acetonitrile (B) and 0.1% aqueous acetic acid (A) for gradient elution (0-30 min, 40%-90% B; 30-35 min, 90%-40% B). The flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1). The detection wavelength was set at 275 nm. The column temperature was 30 degrees C.

RESULTThe four gingerols were in baseline separation, with a good linearity (r > 0.999), an average recovery of 100.9% -103.5% and RSD < 3.0%. Compared with the single decoction of Z. offiicinale, the content of gingerols in the compound decoction of Z. offiicinale and A. cainichaeli was on the rise and in direct proportion with the increase in the volume of A. cainichaeli.

CONCLUSIONThe synergistic mechanism of the compatibility of Z. offiicinale and A. cainichaeli can be proved with the increased release of gingerols from Z. offiicinale.

Aconitum ; Catechols ; analysis ; Drug Compounding ; Drug Synergism ; Fatty Alcohols ; analysis ; Ginger ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo establish an HPLC method for simultaneous determination of panaxynol and panaxydol from the fibrous root of Panax ginseng.

METHODThe analysis was performed on Elite C18 column (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 microm) with mobile phase gradient of CH3CN-water at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). The detection wavelength was 230 nm, and the detection temperature was ambient.

RESULTThe linear range were 0.70-3.50 microg (r = 0.9995) for panaxynol, and 0.64-3.20 microg (r = 0.9999) for panaxydol. The average recoveries were 99.1% (RSD 1.7%) and 99.3% (RSD 1.2%), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe HPLC method is simple, rapid and reproducible, which can be used for the quality control of the fibrous root of P. ginseng.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Diynes ; analysis ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; Fatty Alcohols ; analysis ; Panax ; chemistry ; Plant Roots ; chemistry

OBJECTIVEFufang Kushen injection was selected as the model drug, to optimize its alcohol-purification process and understand the characteristics of particle sedimentation process, and to investigate the feasibility of using process analytical technology (PAT) on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) manufacturing.

METHODTotal alkaloids (calculated by matrine, oxymatrine, sophoridine and oxysophoridine) and macrozamin were selected as quality evaluation markers to optimize the process of Fufang Kushen injection purification with alcohol. Process parameters of particulate formed in the alcohol-purification, such as the number, density and sedimentation velocity, were also determined to define the sedimentation time and well understand the process.

RESULTThe purification process was optimized as that alcohol is added to the concentrated extract solution (drug material) to certain concentration for 2 times and deposited the alcohol-solution containing drug-material to sediment for some time, i.e. 60% alcohol deposited for 36 hours, filter and then 80% -90% alcohol deposited for 6 hours in turn. The content of total alkaloids was decreased a little during the depositing process. The average settling time of particles with the diameters of 10, 25 microm were 157.7, 25.2 h in the first alcohol-purified process, and 84.2, 13.5 h in the second alcohol-purified process, respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe optimized alcohol-purification process remains the marker compositions better and compared with the initial process, it's time saving and much economy. The manufacturing quality of TCM-injection can be controlled by process. PAT pattern must be designed under the well understanding of process of TCM production.

Alcohols ; isolation & purification ; Alkaloids ; analysis ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Injections ; Technology, Pharmaceutical

Higher alcohols are one of the main by-products of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in brewing. High concentration of higher alcohols in alcoholic beverages easily causes headache, thirst and other symptoms after drinking. It is also the main reason for chronic drunkenness and difficulty in sobering up after intoxication. The main objective of this review is to present an overview of the flavor characteristics and metabolic pathways of higher alcohols as well as the application of mutagenesis breeding techniques in the regulation of higher alcohol metabolism in S. cerevisiae. In particular, we review the application of metabolic engineering technology in genetic modification of amino transferase, α-keto acid metabolism, acetate metabolism and carbon-nitrogen metabolism. Moreover, key challenges and future perspectives of realizing optimization of higher alcohols metabolism are discussed. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive understanding of metabolic regulation system of higher alcohols in S. cerevisiae and to provide insights into the rational development of the excellent industrial S. cerevisiae strains producing higher alcohols.
Alcoholic Beverages ; Alcohols/analysis* ; Fermentation ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism* ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins/metabolism*

Gastrodia elata Bl. is a famous and costful traditional Chinese medicine. Their genomic DNA fingerprints were investigated using a modified Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA method. DNA fragments common to all or to fine populations were identified and recovered. Five DNA fragments were proven not to be reported through DNA cloning, PCR identifying, nucleotide sequencing and bioinformatics analyses and were received in and recorded by NCBI GenBank. Gastrodine contents of the Gastrodia tuber samples were determined using high performance liquid chromatography technique. The distribution of the five DNA fragments in 9 Gastrodia elata Blue populations and the correlation with gastromedicine content were studied. The results show the distribution of these DNA sequences varied greatly among the populations whereby DNA Sequence 1 was the common and distinguishing molecular marker for all the populations studied and DNA Sequence 2 may relate to higher gastrodine content. In conclusion, these DNA marker sequences can be employed to identify genuine gastrodia tubers, better varieties and optimize their selection and cultivating.
Base Sequence ; Benzyl Alcohols ; analysis ; Cloning, Molecular ; Computational Biology ; DNA, Plant ; chemistry ; Gastrodia ; genetics ; Glucosides ; analysis ; Plant Tubers ; genetics

The chromatographic fingerprint of Gastrodia elata Bl. (Tianma) was developed to compare the quality of Tianma samples from different habitats and processing methods. The above analysis method was established by HPLC-DAD technique. And an HPLC method was used to analysis the contents of gastrodin (GAS) and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) in Tianma from different habitats and processed methods. Experiments of chromatographic fingerprint analysis were carried out with a Zorbax XDB C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 microm). The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and 0.1% aqueous acetic acid in gradient elution mode. The column was maintained at 25 degrees C. Detection was set at 270 nm. The mass spectra were recorded using as ESI source in the negative mode with ion spray voltage at 3500 V, source temperature at 335 degrees C, gas spray at 8.3 kPa and gas flow rate at 9 L x min(-1). The HPLC methods of quantitative analysis were the same as those of chromatographic fingerprint analysis except the mobile phase, which consisted of acetonitrile and 0.1% aqueous acetic acid in isocratic elution mode with the ratio of 4.5 to 95.5 (v/v). Data of chromatographic fingerprint were analyzed by the "similarity evaluation system for chromatographic fingerprint of TCM (Version 2004 A)" software to compare the quality of Tianma. Samples from different habitats with the same processing method were of high similarity, though a few samples showed evident difference in fingerprint graphics. For Tianma samples with different processing methods, the contents of common peaks were different and the processing method of freezing to dry was better than others. With HPLC-MS technique, 8 major common peaks in the fingerprint of Tianma were identified by their MS spectra and comparison with the reference standards. The results of similarity analysis for chromatographic fingerprint were basically consistent with those of quantitative analysis. The established HPLC-DAD/MS methods can be used to evaluate the quality of Tianma.
Benzyl Alcohols ; analysis ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Gastrodia ; chemistry ; Glucosides ; analysis ; Mass Spectrometry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Rhizome ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo determine the contents of 6-Gingerol in Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens.

METHODHPLC method was used, with Alltech C18 column, acetonitrile-methol-water (43:5:52) as mobile phase with a flow rate of 0.8 mL.min-1, detecting wavelength 280 nm, and column temperature 35 degrees C.

RESULTRetained time of 6-gingerol was near 19 min, showing a good recovery (98.2%) and linear correlation (r = 0.9999). The contents of 6-gingerol were 1.35-2.87 mg.g-1, and the water contents were 70.4-85.5% mL.g-1 in Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens.

CONCLUSIONThe method is appropriate for the determination of 6-gingerol in Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens. Gingerol can be used as a chemical marker of the quality control of Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens.

Catechols ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Fatty Alcohols ; analysis ; Ginger ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Quality Control ; Rhizome ; chemistry