L-glutamic acid is the world's largest bulk amino acid product that is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Using Corynebacterium glutamicum G01 as the starting strain, the fermentation by-product alanine content was firstly reduced by knocking out the gene encoding alanine aminotransferase (alaT), a major by-product related to alanine synthesis. Secondly, since the α-ketoglutarate node carbon flow plays an important role in glutamate synthesis, the ribosome-binding site (RBS) sequence optimization was used to reduce the activity of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and enhance the glutamate anabolic flow. The endogenous conversion of α-ketoglutarate to glutamate was also enhanced by screening different glutamate dehydrogenase. Subsequently, the glutamate transporter was rationally desgined to improve the glutamate efflux capacity. Finally, the fermentation conditions of the strain constructed using the above strategy were optimized in 5 L fermenters by a gradient temperature increase combined with a batch replenishment strategy. The glutamic acid production reached (135.33±4.68) g/L, which was 41.2% higher than that of the original strain (96.53±2.32) g/L. The yield was 55.8%, which was 11.6% higher than that of the original strain (44.2%). The combined strategy improved the titer and the yield of glutamic acid, which provides a reference for the metabolic modification of glutamic acid producing strains.
Glutamic Acid ; Corynebacterium glutamicum/genetics* ; Ketoglutaric Acids ; Metabolic Engineering ; Alanine

In order to explore the effect of peptidoglycan hydrolase on the viable cell counts of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and the yield of alkaline protease, five peptidoglycan hydrolase genes (lytC, lytD, lytE, lytF and lytG) of B. amyloliquefaciens TCCC111018 were knocked out individually. The viable cell counts of the bacteria and their alkaline protease activities before and after gene deletion were determined. The viable cell counts of the knockout mutants BA ΔlytC and BA ΔlytE achieved 1.67×10⁶ CFU/mL and 1.44×10⁶ CFU/mL respectively after cultivation for 60 h, which were 32.5% and 14.3% higher than that of the control strain BA Δupp. Their alkaline protease activities reached 20 264 U/mL and 17 265 U/mL, respectively, which were 43.1% and 27.3% higher than that of the control strain. The results showed that deleting some of the peptidoglycan hydrolase genes effectively maintained the viable cell counts of bacteria and increased the activity of extracellular enzymes, which may provide a new idea for optimization of the microbial host for production of industrial enzymes.
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens/genetics* ; Bacterial Proteins ; Cell Count ; Endopeptidases/genetics* ; N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase/genetics*

A 10-year-old male patient affected by type 2 von Willebrand disease (vWD) and his family members were investigated by hemostatic and molecular genetic studies. The propositus, who experienced frequent bleeding episodes, was characterized by a normal level of von Willebrand factor (vWF) antigen (54%), reduced vWF ristocetin cofactor activity (5%), decreased factor VIII clotting activity (25%) and absent high molecular weight multimers in the plasma. An exon 28 fragment coding for the A1 and A2 domains was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. We found a heterozygous mutation (G4022A), producing an additional PstI restriction site, which resulted in the substitution of Arg578Gln. Family studies, including the parents and a brother, were negative for this mutation and vWF abnormalities were not observed. We confirmed that G to A mutation in the region of the platelet glycoprotein Ib binding domain of vWF causes the qualitative type 2 defect in von Willebrand disease.
Alanine/genetics* ; Case Report ; Child ; Glycine/genetics* ; Human ; Male ; Point Mutation* ; von Willebrand Disease/genetics* ; von Willebrand Factor/genetics*

Cell autolysis plays important physiological roles in the life cycle of clostridial cells. Understanding the genetic basis of the autolysis phenomenon of pathogenic Clostridium or solvent producing Clostridium cells might provide new insights into this important species. Genes that might be involved in autolysis of Clostridium acetobutylicum, a model clostridial species, were investigated in this study. Twelve putative autolysin genes were predicted in C. acetobutylicum DSM 1731 genome through bioinformatics analysis. Of these 12 genes, gene SMB_G3117 was selected for testing the in tracellular autolysin activity, growth profile, viable cell numbers, and cellular morphology. We found that overexpression of SMB_G3117 gene led to earlier ceased growth, significantly increased number of dead cells, and clear electrolucent cavities, while disruption of SMB_G3117 gene exhibited remarkably reduced intracellular autolysin activity. These results indicate that SMB_G3117 is a novel gene involved in cellular autolysis of C. acetobutylicum.
Autolysis ; genetics ; Clostridium acetobutylicum ; genetics ; metabolism ; Computational Biology ; Genes, Bacterial ; N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase ; genetics ; metabolism ; Temperature

Humans ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; Hepatitis B virus/genetics* ; Alanine Transaminase ; RNA ; Antiviral Agents ; DNA, Viral

This study intends to obtain recombinant proteins of ALT1 and ALT2 isozymes by using genetic recombination technology. Monoclonal antibodies ALT1 and ALT2 with high specificity and high activity were prepared and screened (ALT1 monoclonal antibody has been successfully prepared and published). The localization, distribution and expression of ALT1 and ALT2 isozymes in human tissues were discussed. The ALT2 genes were amplified from human liver cancer cell (HepG2) by RT-PCR method. The mature ALT2 gene was subcloned into the pET32a-ALT2 prokaryotic expression vector. Its ligation product was transformed into BL21(DE3) competent cells, and transformed into competent cells to express ALT2 proteins induced by IPTG. The recombinant proteins of ALT2 were purified by nickel column (Ni⁺) affinity chromatography. Balb/c mice were immunized with recombinant proteins of ALT2. Positive serum mouse spleen cells and myeloma cells SP2/0 were selected for cell fusion. The positive cell lines were selected by indirect ELISA and subcloned by limited dilution method. Affinity chromatography was used to purify ALT2 antibodies. The expression and distribution of ALT2 in human normal tissues were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting. Results show that the expression of ALT isoenzyme in tissues was almost the same at gene mRNA level and protein level. ALT1 is highly expressed in liver, kidney and skeletal muscle, and moderately expressed in gastrointestinal smooth muscle. ALT2 is highly expressed in fat, skeletal muscle and myocardium, and is poorly expressed in gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Immunohistochemical studies show that ALT1 is highly expressed in hepatocytes, renal medullary tubules and muscle fibers, ALT2 is highly expressed in adipocytes and myocardial cells, and ALT1 and ALT2 in gastrointestinal tissues are mainly expressed in mucosa of upper intestinal wall region. The results showed that the isoenzymes ALT1 and ALT2 were mainly expressed in the mucosa of the upper part of the intestinal wall. It is widely distributed in the tissues, providing theoretical basis for understanding the mechanism of ALT activity increase under different pathological conditions.
Alanine Transaminase ; Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; Humans ; Isoenzymes/genetics* ; Liver ; Mice ; Recombinant Proteins

A 3-year-old boy had abnormal liver function, which was found in physical examination, for 5 months before admission. He had no symptoms such as anorexia, poor appetite, and jaundice, had normal growth and development, and showed no hepatosplenomegaly. Laboratory examination revealed significantly reduced ceruloplasmin (35 mg/L), as well as negative hepatotropic virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. There were normal muscle enzymes, blood glucose, and blood ammonia and negative liver-specific autoantibodies. The boy had negative K-F ring and normal 24-hour urine copper (0.56 μmol/L). The ATP7B gene testing for the boy, his sister, and their parents detected two novel missense mutations in the boy and his sister, i.e., compound heterozygous mutations in exon 7 (c.2075T>C, p.L692P) and exon 13 (c.3044T>C, p.L1015P), which were inherited from their father and mother, respectively. Wilson's disease was confirmed by genetic diagnosis in the boy and his sister. The boy and his sister were given a low-copper diet. The boy was administered with penicillamine for decoppering and zinc supplement against copper uptake. His sister received zinc supplement alone because no clinical symptoms were observed. The boy showed normal liver function in the reexamination after 3 months of treatment.
Adenosine Triphosphatases ; genetics ; Alanine Transaminase ; blood ; Cation Transport Proteins ; genetics ; Child, Preschool ; Copper-transporting ATPases ; Female ; Hepatolenticular Degeneration ; genetics ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Liver ; physiopathology ; Male ; Mutation, Missense ; Physical Examination

Alanine Transaminase ; blood ; Genotype ; Hepacivirus ; classification ; genetics ; Hepatitis C, Chronic ; drug therapy ; immunology ; virology ; Humans ; RNA, Viral ; blood

Alanine Transaminase ; blood ; DNA, Viral ; analysis ; Gene Products, pol ; genetics ; Hepatitis B ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Lamivudine ; therapeutic use ; Mutation

BACKGROUNDAs one of the intercellular adhesion molecules, CD58 plays important roles in promotion of the adhesion between T cells and target cells, hyperplasia, activation of T cells and natural killer cells, and balance between Th1 and Th2. We studied the relationship between the levels of CD58 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and severity of HBV infection.

METHODSThe levels of CD58 mRNA in PBMCs were detected using quantitative reverse transcription PCR. The percentage of CD58 positive cells was detected by flow cytometry in patients and healthy controls.

RESULTSThe levels of CD58 mRNA and the percentage of CD58 positive cells in patients infected with HBV were significantly higher than that in the control. Based on severity of HBV infection, the patients were classified into four groups. The expression of CD58 increased significantly in an order from mild chronic, moderate chronic, severe chronic to severe hepatitis groups. The levels of CD58 mRNA and the percentage of CD58 positive cells in PBMCs from patients with HBV infection were both positively correlated with serum levels of ALT and AST.

CONCLUSIONThe level of CD58 expression is related with the severity of HBV infection and the degree of liver damage.

Alanine Transaminase ; blood ; Aspartate Aminotransferases ; blood ; CD58 Antigens ; genetics ; Hepatitis B ; blood ; physiopathology ; Humans ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; analysis