OBJECTIVETo investigate the co-effect of Demand-control-support (DCS) model and Effort-reward Imbalance (ERI) model on the risk estimation of depression in humans in comparison with the effects when they are used respectively.

METHODSA total of 3 632 males and 1 706 females from 13 factories and companies in Henan province were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Perceived job stress was evaluated with the Job Content Questionnaire and Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire (Chinese version). Depressive symptoms were assessed by using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).

RESULTSDC (demands/job control ratio) and ERI were shown to be independently associated with depressive symptoms. The outcome of low social support and overcommitment were similar. High DC and low social support (SS), high ERI and high overcommitment, and high DC and high ERI posed greater risks of depressive symptoms than each of them did alone. ERI model and SS model seem to be effective in estimating the risk of depressive symptoms if they are used respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe DC had better performance when it was used in combination with low SS. The effect on physical demands was better than on psychological demands. The combination of DCS and ERI models could improve the risk estimate of depressive symptoms in humans.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Depression ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Stress, Psychological

Two sizes of acetaminophen injection, 500 and 1,000 mg, have been approved for use in the USA and Europe, while only 1,000 mg has been approved in Japan. In Japan, overdosage of intravenous acetaminophen has been reported in pediatric patients. It is necessary align with international practices and introduce a 500 mg dosage, as in the USA and Europe. Therefore, we conducted a 6-month survey at Kyoto Chubu Medical Center from October 2020, focusing on single dose intravenous acetaminophen. Out of 400 cases, 333 (83.3%) received a single dose of 1,000 mg, 49 cases (12.3%) received 500 mg. Among children (< 15 years), all 17 cases (100%) received a single dose of 500 mg or less; in adults (≥ 15 years), out of 383 cases, 45 cases (11.7%) received 500 mg or less. The most commonly used single dose of intravenous acetaminophen was 1,000 mg, followed by 500 mg. These findings suggest that 1,000 mg is less necessary in children if 500 mg is available, and that, in adults, 1,000 mg may not always be required. In Japan, to avoid overdose in children and optimize dosage in adults, early introduction of 500 mg intravenous acetaminophen is crucial.