The scaphoid is an uncommon site for tuberculous infection. Clinical features and radiographic findings are not necessarily helpful and may lead to a delay in diagnosis and therefore poor treatment results. We report here a case of scaphoid tuberculosis, which presented as a scaphoid fracture, but then progressed to wrist arthritis. The patient was treated conservatively and had good functional outcome. To the best of our knowledge, such presentation has not been documented.

The purpose of this study was to determine the anatomical aspects, mechanisms, risk factors and appropriate management of development of pneumothorax during a routine colonoscopy. A systematic search of the literature (MEDLINE, Embase and Google Scholar) revealed 21 individually documented patients of pneumothorax following a colonoscopy, published till December 2015. One additional patient treated at our center was added. A pooled analysis of these 22 patients was performed including patient characteristics, indication of colonoscopy, any added procedure, presenting symptoms,risk factors and treatment given. The review suggested that various risk factors may be female gender, therapeutic interventions, difficult colonoscopy and underlying bowel pathology. Diagnosis of this condition requires a high index of suspicion and treatment should be tailored to individual needs.
Colonoscopy* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Pathology ; Pneumothorax* ; Risk Factors

A selective and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of raltegravir using raltegravir-d3 as an internal standard (IS). The analyte and IS were extracted with methylene chloride and n-hexane solvent mixture from 100 mL human plasma. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Chromolith RP-18e endcapped C18 (100 mm ? 4.6 mm) column in a run time of 2.0 min. Quantitation was performed in the negative ionization mode using the transitions of m/z 443.1-316.1 for raltegravir and m/z 446.1-319.0 for IS. The linearity of the method was established in the concentration range of 2.0–6000 ng/mL. The mean extraction recovery for raltegravir and IS was 92.6% and 91.8%, respectively, and the IS-normalized matrix factors for raltegravir ranged from 0.992 to 0.999. The application of this method was demonstrated by a bioequivalence study on 18 healthy subjects.

Objective:To determine quantitative phytochemical, anticancer and antidiabetic effect of seven Indian tropical fruit residues.
Methods:In-vitro cytotoxic activity (IC50) was evaluated against cervical cancer cells (HeLa), breast cancer cells (MCF-7), hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG-2) and bone sarcoma cells (MG-63) and alpha amylase inhibition assay was used for antidiabetic activity.
Results: Results of phytochemical analysis revealed that all residues contained remarkable amount of alkaloid, saponin, tannin and flavonoid. Notable cancer cell growth inhibition was observed for the extract from Carissa carandas pomace and Litchi sinensis seeds with IC50 values ranged from 56.72 to 89.24 μg/mL. Alpha amylase inhibition assay was measured at six different concentrations (5, 10, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/mL) by using different solvent extract. Results showed that Carissa carandas possessed best activity with IC50 value as 29.66 mg/mL followed by other residues in methanol extract.
Conclusions:Study suggests that these fruit residues demonstrate promising antidiabetic and anticancer activity that substantiated its ethno medicinal use and may provide new molecules for the treatment of these diseases.

Purpose: Uncertainty exists about whether early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is an appropriate surgical treatment for acute calculous cholecystitis. This study aimed to compare early vs. late LC for acute calculous cholecystitis regarding intraoperative difficulty and postoperative outcomes. Methods: This was a prospective randomized study carried out between December 2015 and June 2017; 60 patients with acute calculous cholecystitis were divided into two groups (early and delayed groups), each comprising 30 patients. Thirty patients treated with LC within 3 to 5 days of arrival at the hospital were assigned to the early group. The other 30 patients were placed in the delayed group, first treated conservatively, and followed by LC 3 to 6 weeks later. Results: The conversion rates in both groups were 6.7% and 0%, respectively (p = 0.143). The operating time was 56.67 ± 11.70 minutes in the early group and 75.67 ± 20.52 minutes in the delayed group (p = 0.001), and both groups observed equal levels of postoperative complications. Early LC patients, on the other hand, required much fewer postoperative hospital stay (3.40 ± 1.99 vs. 6.27 ± 2.90 days, p = 0.006). Conclusion Considering shorter operative time and hospital stay without significant increase of open conversion rates, early LC might have benefits over late LC.

Anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion is considered the mainstay of surgical treatment in cervical pathology. Expandable and nonexpandable cages are preferred over autogenous bone graft because of donor-related morbidity. However, the choice of the cage type remains a debatable topic as studies report conflicting results. Thus, we evaluated the outcomes of expandable and non-expandable cages following cervical corpectomy. Studies were searched in various electronic databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, and Cochrane) between 2011 and 2021. Forest plot was made to compare the radiological and clinical outcomes between expandable and non-expandable cages following cervical corpectomy. Altogether, 26 studies (1,170 patients) were included in the metaanalysis. The mean change in segmental angle was significantly greater in the expandable cage group than in the non-expandable cage group (6.7° vs. 3.0°, p <0.001). The mean subsidence rate was lower in the expandable cage group (6% vs. 41%, p <0.001). The mean fusion rate was lower (93% vs. 98%, p =0.06) and the mean displacement rate was significantly higher in the expandable cage group (29% vs. 5%, p <0.05). The mean reoperation rate was higher in the expandable cage group (16% vs. 2%, p >0.05). The improvement in segmental angle is better with expandable cages. Higher subsidence is a major problem with non-expandable cages, but it seems to be beneficial as evidenced by the high fusion rate and minimal effect on clinical outcome in patients with this cage.

Outer membrane proteins of Pasteurella (P.) multocida have been known to be protective immunogens. Pasteurella lipoprotein E (PlpE) has been reported to be an important cross reactive outer membrane protein in P. multocida. The gene encoding the PlpE of P. multocida serotypes A: 3, B: 2 and D: 1 was amplified from the genomic DNA. The amplified products were cloned and the nucleotide sequence was determined. Sequence analysis of the recombinant clones revealed a single open reading frame of 1,011 bp, 1,008 bp and 1,017 bp encoding a protein with a calculated molecular mass of 37.829 kDa, 37.389 kDa and 37.965 kDa for serotypes A: 3, B: 2 and D: 1 respectively. The comparison of the plpE sequence in different capsular types revealed a high degree (>90%) of homology. Furthermore, the plpE gene of Haemorhhagic septicaemia causing serotype (B: 2) was expressed in E. coli and recombinant PlpE was strongly immunostained by antiserum against whole cell antigen, indicating that the protein is expressed in vivo.
Animals ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/*genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Base Sequence ; Blotting, Western ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/*microbiology ; Cloning, Molecular ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Escherichia coli ; *Genetic Variation ; Hemorrhagic Septicemia/microbiology/*veterinary ; India ; Lipoproteins/*genetics/immunology/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Open Reading Frames/genetics ; Pasteurella multocida/*genetics/immunology ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Homology ; Serotyping ; Species Specificity

Clinical manifestations of extralymphatic disease caused by filariasis are varied and range from symptoms due to tropical pulmonary eosinophilia to hematuria, proteinuria, splenomegaly, and rarely arthritis. Disseminated microfilaremia in association with loculated lung cyst and empyema is of rare occurrence and to the best of our knowledge has not been documented in the literature so far. We report here a case of disseminated microfilaremia due to Wuchereria bancrofti infection accompanied by a lung cyst and empyema in a 21-year-old Indian man.
Animals ; Cysts/*parasitology/pathology ; Elephantiasis, Filarial/*parasitology/pathology ; Empyema/*parasitology/pathology ; Fatal Outcome ; Humans ; Lung Diseases/*parasitology/pathology ; Male ; Wuchereria bancrofti/isolation & purification ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND: Levobupivacaine is an attractive alternative to racemic bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia due to the lower potential for cardio-toxicity and faster recovery profile. This study was designed to compare isobaric levobupivacaine with hyperbaric racemic bupivacaine with respect to intraoperative quality of anesthesia and the postoperative recovery profile in patients undergoing inguinal hernia surgery. METHODS: A total of 100 American Society of Anesthesiologists 1 and 2 patients, aged 18–60 years, undergoing elective daycare unilateral inguinal hernia surgery, were randomized into two groups. Group L received spinal anesthesia with 3 ml of 0.5% plain levobupivacaine. Group B received 3 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric racemic bupivacaine. Quality of anesthesia, sensory and motor block characteristics, duration of effective analgesia, time to mobilization, and incidence of side effects were compared. RESULTS: The quality of anesthesia was comparable between the two groups. No difference was observed in the block onset time or maximum block height. The duration of anesthesia was significantly shorter in group L compared with that in group B (206.2 ± 18.9 min vs. 224.1 ± 15.6 min, P < 0.001), as was duration of motor block (185.9 ± 20.3 min vs. 196.4 ± 21.2 min, P = 0.016) and time to walk unaided (321.9 ± 19.2 min vs. 356.7 ± 26.6 min, P < 0.001). The incidence of hypotension was less in group L (12%) compared to group B (32%) (P = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Levobupivacaine is an effective alternative to bupivacaine for patients undergoing unilateral inguinal hernia surgery. It has a shorter duration of sensory and motor block, allowing earlier mobilization in daycare surgeries, and a lower incidence of intraoperative hypotension.
Analgesia ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Spinal ; Bupivacaine* ; Hernia, Inguinal* ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Incidence

An undifferentiated carcinoma (UC) of the gall bladder behaves aggressively and has a grave prognosis. Small cell type undifferentiated carcinoma of the gall bladder is a rare variant. This paper reports a case of UC of gall bladder with PAS-positive diastase-resistant eosinophilic hyaline globules present as liver mass (on imaging) in a male patient. The microscopic findings of the liver and gall bladder after a right tri-segmentectomy showed an un-differentiated malignant neoplasm composed of cells with round to oval nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and scanty neoplasm. No definite cell pattern was identified with these neoplastic cells. A section from the gall bladder revealed a tumor arising from the lining epithelium and infiltrating through the muscularis. This tumor was infiltrating the adherent liver tissue directly and forming a mass of undifferentiated malignant cells. The focal area within the tumor mass showed the presence of PAS-positive, diastase-resistant, eosinophilic hyaline globules within the neoplastic cells. The immunohistochemistry test was diffusely positive for perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and negative for chromogranin, vimentin, Desmin, alpha-fetoprotein, leukocyte common antigen, CD34, and bcl2. When the clinical and radiological data are inconclusive, careful analysis of the histological and immunophenotypic features is needed to make the final diagnosis of UC of the gall bladder. The biological behavior and prognosis of this tumor remain unclear because of its rarity. Further studies will be needed to understand the characteristics of this deadly tumor and to establish an effective therapy for it.