Objective To explore the methods and effects of health education on brucellosis, iodine deficiency disorders and leprosy, and consolidate the achievements of endemic diseases and leprosy control. Methods Three groups of local residents, students and medical staff were selected for health education intervention in Tongguan County of Weinan City, Shaanxi Province in 2017. Among the three groups, the choice of different propaganda modes (brucellosis case warning film, iodine deficiency disorders public service advertisement, leprosy knowledge preaching, etc.) and propaganda materials (promotional foldout, brochure, leaflet, shopping bag, etc.) were compared. At the same time, questionnaire survey was used to compare the awareness rate of health knowledge before and after intervention. Results A total of 375 people were surveyed. On the propaganda modes , 296 people chose to watch the brucellosis case warning film, accounting for 78.93％ (296/375); 184 people chose to watch the iodine deficiency disorders public service advertisement, accounting for 49.07％ (184/375); 286 people chose leprosy knowledge preaching, accounting for 76.27％ (286/375); and 117 people chose to read information , accounting for 31.20％ (117/375). On the propaganda materials, 185 people chose promotional foldout, accounting for 49.33％ (185/375); 232 people chose brochure, accounting for 61.87％ (232/375); 76 people chose leaflet, accounting for 20.27％ (76/375); 277 people chose shopping bag, accounting for 73.87％ (277/375); and 286 people chose exercise book, accounting for 76.27％ (286/375). Before intervention, the total awareness of health knowledge of brucellosis, iodine deficiency disorders and leprosy was 62.18％ (4197/6750), 61.49％ (1153/1875) and 30.02％ (788/2625), respectively; after intervention, the total awareness of health knowledge of brucellosis, iodine deficiency disorders and leprosy was 91.13％(6151/6750), 89.49％(1678/1875) and 89.22％(2342/2625), respectively . The differences were statistically significant before and after intervention (χ2= 1580.30, 397.28, 1910.65, P < 0.01). Conclusions Warning film, knowledge preaching and the issuance of shopping bag and exercise book methods are more popular and more easily accepted by all types of people. Short term health education has a certain effect. In order to acquire and form good health knowledge behaviors really, it is necessary to carry out long-term, extensive and sustained, and diversified work of healthy education.

Objective:To explore the relationship between iodine nutrition level and iodine content in drinking water in Weinan City, Shaanxi Province.Methods:In 2017, in 10 counties (cities, districts) under the jurisdiction of Weinan City, one township (town, sub-district office, hereinafter referred to as the township) was selected in each county (city, district) according to the 5 directions of east, west, south, north, and middle. One primary school was selected in each township, and 42 children aged 8 to 10 (age and gender balanced) in each primary school were selected, urine samples and household edible salt samples were collected to test the contents of urinary iodine and salt iodine, and children's goiter was examined. Twenty-one pregnant women were selected from each township, urine samples and household edible salt samples were collected to test the contents of urinary iodine and salt iodine. At the same time, the drinking water samples of residents in townships were collected to test water iodine content. The correlation between urinary iodine, water iodine and salt iodine was analyzed by multiple linear regression.Results:Urine samples of 2 100 and 1 050 were collected from children and pregnant women, and the median urinary iodine was 254.51 and 172.55 μg/L, respectively. Edible salt samples of 2 100 and 1 050 were collected from children and pregnant women, and the median salt iodine was 24.00 and 24.44 mg/kg, respectively. A total of 232 water samples were collected, and the median water iodine was 26.53 μg/L. A total of 2 100 children's thyroids were examined, of which 65 had goiters, and the goiter rate was 3.10%. The regression model of urinary iodine and water iodine in children was statistically significant ( F = 6.48, P < 0.05), the multiple linear regression equation was = 235.52 + 1.01 x, coefficient of determination ( R2) = 0.119, 11.9% of the change of urinary iodine was related to the change of water iodine. Conclusions:Children's iodine nutrition in Weinan City is at an ultra-adequate level, while pregnant women's iodine nutrition is at an appropriate level. Eleven point nine percent of the changes in children's urinary iodine can be explained by the changes in water iodine.

Objective To analyze the trend and epidemiological features of human brucellosis from 2010 to 2016 in Weinan,Shaanxi Province,and to provide scientific data for effective control of human brucellosis.Methods The data were obtained from the China Disease Surveillance Information Management System and the brucellosis monitoring and epidemic survey of Weinan City from 2010 to 2016.The "three distribution" of brucellosis,the positive rate of serological test of the key group and the infecting route of the epidemic were analyzed using descriptive epidemiology method.Results A total of 1 624 brucellosis cases were reported in Weinan City from 2010 to 2016 and none death case occurred.The morbidity rose from 1.96/100 000 in 2010 to 11.16/100 000 in 2014.The morbidity fallen from 5.46/100 000 in 2015 to 3.33/100 000 in 2016.The reported cases distributed in 10 counties of Weinan and mainly concentrated in Dali County (682 cases),Chengcheng County (269 cases) and Pucheng County (225 cases),accounting for 72.41％ (1 176/1 624).There were brucellosis occurring in all months of the year.The age group distributed mainly from 40 to 64 years old which accounted for 63.67％ (1 034/1 624) of the total reported cases.The peasants accounted for 91.75％ (1 490/1 624) in all cases.Men were significantly higher than women and the morbidity ratio of male to female was 3.28 ∶ 1.00 (1 245 ∶ 379).A total of 15 126 key occupational persons were tested and the positive rate of serology was 2.21％ (335/15 126) annually.The feeding and delivery process were the main ways of infection.Conclusions The brucellosis epidemic in Weinan shows a trend from rise to decline.The middle-aged male peasants account for major population in all cases and the ways of infection are diversified.

Objective:To learn about the operation of fluoride reduction and water improvement projects, the current situation of water fluoride level and the changing trend of fluorosis in drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Shaanxi Province, and to evaluate the effect of prevention and control measures.Methods:From March 2014 to December 2021, 15 endemic villages in drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas of Dali, Dingbian, Jingbian, Jingyang and Liquan counties in Shaanxi Province were selected as monitoring villages to investigate the operation of water improvement projects. Water samples were collected, and the water fluoride level was detected according to the "Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water - Nonmetal Parameters" (GB/T 5750.5-2006). "Diagnosis of Dental Fluorosis" (WS/T 208-2011) was done to detect dental fluorosis in all children aged 8 - 12 who were born and lived in the monitoring village. Using "Diagnostic Standard for Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis" (WS/T 192-2008) and "Determination of Fluoride in Urine - Ion Selective Electrode Method" (WS/T 89-2015), X-ray examination and urine fluoride level test were performed on adults over 25 years old who had lived in the monitoring village for more than 5 years, respectively.Results:From 2014 to 2021, a total of 122 water improvement projects were investigated, all of which were in normal operation. The qualified rate of water fluoride increased from 81.25% (13/16) in 2014 to 100.00% (11/11) in 2021. A total of 5 595 children aged 8 - 12 were examined, 1 790 children with dental fluorosis were detected, with a detection rate of 31.99%. The detection rate of dental fluorosis in children decreased from 52.05% (304/584) in 2014 to 9.68% (93/961) in 2021, showing an overall downward trend (χ 2trend = 533.76, P < 0.001). In 2014, 791 adults were examined, and 256 patients with skeletal fluorosis were detected, the detection rate was 32.36%. In 2019, 770 adults were examined, and 88 patients with skeletal fluorosis were detected, with a detection rate of 11.43%. The detection rate of skeletal fluorosis in adults in 2019 was lower than that in 2014, and the difference was statistically significant (χ 2 = 99.54, P < 0.001). In 2014, 754 adult urine samples were collected, and the geometric mean of urine fluoride was 2.571 mg/L. In 2019, 770 adult urine samples were collected, and the geometric mean of urine fluoride was 1.292 mg/L. The geometric mean of urine fluoride in adults in 2019 was lower than that in 2014, and the difference was statistically significant ( Z = - 12.74, P < 0.001). Conclusions:From 2014 to 2021, the water improvement projects in drinking water-borne endemic fluorosis areas in Shaanxi Province are running normally, and the qualified rate of water fluoride has increased. The incidence of dental fluorosis in children and skeletal fluorosis in adults has decreased. In the later stage, it is necessary to continuously strengthen the monitoring and management of water improvement projects to prevent the rebound of water fluoride from causing residents' illness.