BACKGROUND:Retinal contusion injury is one of the leading causes for vision impairment, and clinical treatment is difficult. Although fundus change after retinal contusion injury has been ful y understood, the pathogenesis and drug treatment stil remain controversial.
OBJECTIVE:To explore the apoptosis and related mechanism of optic nerve cel s in rabbit model of retinal contusion injury.
METHODS:Forty-eight healthy adult rabbits without oculopathy were divided into eight groups:1 hour, 3 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, 28 days after contusion and normal control, with six rabbits in each group. Right eye of each rabbit was treated with Al en’s reformative hitting method as contusive retinopathy model. The eyebal s were enucleated at different time points after injury in rabbit retina. The pathological section of optic nerve 5 mm posterior to sieve plate was harvested. The morphologic changes of optic nerve were observed and number of glial cel s was measured using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Electron microscope and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling technique were used to assess apoptosis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In the normal control group, glial cel s presented cylinder shapes and neural fibers arranged neatly. The trend of the glial cel s was as the same as the neural fibers. But the optic nerve fibers arranged in disorder and the glial cel s lost polarity in the groups of 1 hour, 3 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days after retinal contusion injury. The number of glial cel s in 1 hour, 3 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days, and 28 days was extremely significantly reduced compared with normal control group (P<0.01). There was cel apoptosis in optic nerve after retinal contusion injury, but almost not observed in optic nerve from normal control group, 1 hour and 28 days after injury. The apoptotic cel s were abundant at 3 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days after injury, and peaked at 3 days, showing extremely significant differences compared with normal control group (P<0.01). Apoptosis occurs in optic nerve after contusion of retina, which may be one of the reasons for incomplete recovery of retinal function.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of intravitreal injection of ranibizumab combined with panretinal photocoagulation for severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy.Methods Sixty-four cases (90 eyes) with severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy from July 2014 to June 2016 in our hospital were randomly divided into two groups according to the digital table.The observation group (32 cases,46 eyes) underwent intravitreal injection of reizumab combined with panretinal photocoagulation,and the control group (32 cases,44 eyes) were treated with only panretinal photocoagulation.The visual acuity,fundus,fundus fluorescein angiography and macnlar thickness postoperative 1 month,3 months,6 months were observed and detected.The mean thickness of the retinal neuroepithelium in the macular region and total volume of the 6 mm diameter neuroepithelium in the macular area were compared and statistically analyzed.The laser energy,number of spots and energy density were calculated and recorded.Results BCVA at postoperative 1 month,3 months,6 months in the observation and the control group were better than that before treatment(all P ＜ 0.05),and the observation group was better than the control group (all P ＜ 0.05).In the control group,BCVA had no statistically significant difference between 3 months and 6 months (P ＞ 0.05),and the differences were statistically significant among other time points (all P ＜ 0.05).In the observation group,the differences were statistically significant among all time points after treatment (all P ＜ O.05).In the comparison of mean thickness of the retinal neuroepithelium in the macular region and total volume of the 6 mm diameter neuroepithelium in the macular area in the control group and the observation group before and after treatment,there were statistically significant differences at different time points between the two groups (all P ＜ 0.05).Moreover,the average thickness of the retinal neuroepithelium and total volume of 6 mm diameter neuroepithelium in the macular region at postoperative 1 month,3 months,6 months were better than those in the control group (all P ＜ 0.05).The laser energy,spot number and energy density of the observation group were significantly lower than those of the control group (all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Intravitreal injection of ranibizumab combined with panretinal photocoagulation for severe non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy can accelerate retinal neovascularization in a short period of time,reduce macular edema and improve the visual function of patients with less laser energy,the curative effect is better than application of retinal laser photocoagulation alone,is worthy of clinical promotion.

To observe clinical therapeutic effect of Ren Zhu Jian Wei Granules on precancerous lesion of stomach. Methods: 130 cases of precancerous lesion of stomach were randomly divided into tow groups, the treatment group (88 cases) treated with Ren Zhu Jian Wei capsules and the control group (42 cases) treated with Wei Fu Chun Tablets, and clinical data were analyzed. Results: The comprehensive therapeutic effect was 92. 0% in the treatment group and 73. 8% in the control group; and the clinical therapeutic effect was 94. 3% in the treatment group and 78. 6% in the control group with a significant difference (P

Objective:To explore the placental expression of farnesoid X receptor( FXR) ,as well as the total bile acid (TBA) levels in maternal and umbilical cord serum in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) and normal late pregnancy. To evaluate the roles of placental FXR in the pathological mechanism of ICP. Methods:Maternal and umbilical cord blood as well as placentas were collected in gravidas of 33 ICP (ICP group) and 33 normal late pregnancy (control group). According to maternal serum TBA levels, ICP group was divided into mild and severe subgroup, the latter with TBA ≥40 μmol/L TBA levels were measured by velocimetry and the placental FXR mRNA expression were examined by real time nested RT-PCR. Results:①Comparing the rate of meconium -stain of amniotic fluid: The rate in ICP group was significantly higher than that in control group(χ~2=7.543,P=0.013); The rate in serve ICP group was significantly higher than that in mild ICP group(χ~2= 7.637,P=0.013). ②The expression of FXR mRNA in placentas: placental FXR mRNA expression was significantly higher in ICP group than that in control group (z = -2. 391, P = 0.017). Placental FXR mRNA expression was higher in severe ICP group than that in mild ICP group (z= -2.391 ,P=0.017).③ln ICP group, a positive correlation was found between the placental FXR mRNA expression and the maternal serum TBA levels as well as umbilical serum TBA levels(r_s =0.348,P=0.047; r_s =0.284,P=0.027). There were no significant correlations between maternal serum as well as umbilical serum TBA levels and placental FXR mRNA expression in control group ( r_s = - 0.068, P = 0.716; r_s = 0.010,P=0.959). Conclusions:Placental FXR mRNA expression is up regulated by increased bile acid levels in ICP, which may represent a compensatory (anti-cholestatic) mechanism of placenta in ICP.

Objective To study the expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-1 3 (MMP-1 3)and p73 in gastric adenocarcinoma,and to explore the associations of the expressions of MMP-1 3 and p73 with the clinico-pathological features,and to evaluate their clinical significances for the prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma metastasis.Methods The immunohistochemistry SP methods was used to evaluate the expressions of MMP-1 3 and p73 in 1 43 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma and 55 normal tissues adjacent to carcinoma,and their associa-tions to the clinicopathologic features were analyzed.Results The expression of MMP-1 3 in gastric adenocarci-noma was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues of cancer (67.1 3% vs 1 6.35%),with a significant difference (χ2 =41 .1 0,P =0.000).The expression of p73 in gastric adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues of cancer (58.74% vs 1 2.73%),with a significant difference (χ2 =33.86,P =0.000).In the gastric adenocarcinoma,the expression of MMP-1 3 was associated with peripheral lymph node metastasis (χ2 =1 1 .835,P =0.001 ),depth of invasion (χ2 =5.1 77,P =0.032)and TNM stage (χ2 =1 1 .1 07,P =0.001 ),but it was not correlated with the ages of patients (χ2 =0.1 1 3,P =0.853),tumor size (χ2 =0.338,P =0.591 )and tumor differentiation level (χ2 =3.628,P =0.072).In the gastric adenocarci-noma,the expression of p73 was associated with peripheral lymph node metastasis (χ2 =1 1 .440,P =0.001 ), tumor differentiation level (χ2 =5.407,P =0.025)and TNMstage (χ2 =9.497,P =0.003),but it was not correlated with the ages of patients (χ2 =1 .567,P =0.222),tumor size (χ2 =0.841 ,P =0.392)and depth of invasion (χ2 =0.554,P =0.498).The expression of MMP-1 3 was positively correlated with the expression
of p73 in gastric adenocarcinoma group (r =0.684,P =0.000).Conclusion Both MMP-1 3 and p73 may participate in the development of gastric adenocarcinoma,which can be used as an important index for the eval-uation of invasiveness and metastasis in gastric adenocarcinoma.

Multi-component Chinese medicine has been considered an important developmental direction for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula.Nowadays,it is unfit to target a molecule for preventing or curing a disease because it resulted from multiple of factors and resulted in many indications.Thus,the idea focusing on the multiple targets for therapy is increasingly accepted by physicians and scientists.Here,we conceived a new simplified method for screening the active multi-component Chinese medicine based on the complexity of Chinese medicine,the multi-target property of protein signal transduction and the principle of Chinese medicine prescription.Combined with the traditional knowledge on tumor and latest antitumor research results of Chinese medicine and its compounds,the method was concretely illustrated.It helps us to transform the herbal compounds to new complex drugs targeting multiple signaling.

Objective To explore main influencing factors of postgraduate entrance examination of medical students in medical universities and to provide guidance for postgraduate entrance examination and employment.Methods Totally 300 2008 and 2009 grade undergraduates of Kunming Medical University were enrolled and divided into postgraduate entrance examination group (n =181)and non postgraduate entrance examination group (n =97).Self-designed questionnaire was used.Intentions of postgraduate entrance examination of two groups and main factors of not taking postgraduate entrance examination were analyzed.Softwares of Excel 2003 and SPSS 17.0 were applied to do constituent ratio analysis and x2 test of gender and residence.Results Among all enrolled students,71.2％ paid attention to the entrance exam and 65.1％ said that they would take part in the entrance exam.There was no significant differences in taking entrance exam between males and females (x2 =3.213,P=0.073).Age (74.1％),family economic situation (71.1％) and current employment status (68.1％) were the main influencing factor of graduate entrance exam.There were significant differences between factors of age and family economic situation and factors of gender and census register (x2 =4.810,P =0.028 and x2 =9.612,P =0.002).There was no significant difference between factors of age and family economic situation and factor of current employment status (x2 =0.279,P =0.597).Conclusions Age,family economical situation and current employment situation are major influencing factors of postgraduate entrance examination for medical students.Postgraduate entrance examination for medical students needs positive guidance and more care from schools,society and family.Medical students should form correct view for employment and postgraduate entrance examination according to their own condition.

ObjectiveTo explore the influences of age and duration of status convulsivus （SC） on mitochondrial membrane potential (△Ψm） in hippocampus. MethodsConvulsive seizures for 30 min or 3 h (30 min SC or 3 h SC) were induced in 80 infant (20 d after birth) and 80 adult Wistar rats (IRs ＆ ARs respectively) with lithium-pilocarpine ip. The rats were sacrificed at 6 different time points from the 3rd hour to 7th day after SC termination. The mitochondrial △Ψm in hippocampal cells was determined with flow cytometry. ResultsThe mitochondrial △Ψm in hippocampal cells started to decrease at the 3th hour after SC in both IRs and ARs. The bottom level was reached at the 6th hour after SC ［(6.08±0.43) in IRs and (5.70±0.63) in ARs ) ］. Both of them were significantly lower than that of control group (P<0.01） and began to increase at 12th hour after SC. On the 7th day after 30 minutes SC, the level of mitochondrial △Ψm in IRs increased to the level of control, while the level in ARs was still lower than that of control (P<0.05）. At the 3rd hour, the 3rd and the 7th day after SC, the levels of mitochondrial △Ψm in IRs were obviously higher than those in ARs. Compared with the same time point after 30 min SC, the levels of mitochondrial △Ψm at the 3rd and the 6th hour after 3 h SC were much lower in different age groups (P<0.05）. Except the effect of the age-related difference, there was a positive correlation between the duration of SC and the changes of mitochondrial △Ψm in partial correlation analysis （r=0.71，P<0.05）. ConclusionSevere seizure could induce the mitochondrial △Ψm decreased in hippocampus. Age and duration of SC were important factors associated with the mitochondrial △Ψm decrease. There may be an internal protective response against brain damage in premature brain.

Objective To evaluate whether estradiol can inhibit and cure the inflammation of experimental preeclampsia in rats. Methods Experimental preeclampsia was induced in 14-day-pregnant rats by infusion of endotoxin (1.0 ?g/kg). Rats with normal pregnancy were infused with sodium chloride solution.A group of preeclampsia rats was injected with 17?-estradiol (17?-E_2, 1 mg?kg -1 ?d -1 ). Blood pressure, albuminuria,inflammation associated adhesion molecule CD_ 49d and tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?) were assessed. Results On pregnant day 19, for normal pregnancy group(group C) the blood pressure was (120.4?2.0)mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),urinary protein (0.47?0.06)mg/24 hours;for experimental preeclampsia group(group A) blood pressure was (134.2?2.4) mm Hg,urinary protein(0.79?0.10)mg/24 hours; for experimental preeclampsia with 17?-E_2 treatment group (group B) blood pressure was(123.3?1.7)mm Hg,urinary protein (0.51?0.08)mg/24 hours. A significant increase of blood pressure and urinary albumin was observed in group A. CD_ 49d expression and TNF-? concentration were also increased. 17?-E_2 reduced the expression of CD_ 49d , concentration of TNF-?,blood pressure and albuminuria of experimental preeclampsia. However, the weight of fetuses in 17?-E_2 treatment group were less than that in other groups. Conclusion 17?-E_2 can improve the symptoms of experimental preeclampsia,but its effects on fetus need to be further studied.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1),as one of the main members of the heat shock protein 90 family, resists oxidative stress-induced apoptosis as well as predominantly maintains the integrity of mitochondria and cellu-lar homeostasis. Abnormal expression of TRAP1 was herein closely related to the onset and progression of a wide variety of tumors. As a key regulatory factor mediating energy metabolism within tumor cells, TRAP1 may be able to kill them by interfer-ing with such metabolism. More importantly, the abnormal ex-pression of TRAP1 played a less important role in normal cells, allowing TRAP1 to be a particularly attractive target as it can be used in tumor treatment or interference. The relationship be-tween abnormal expression of TRAP1 protein and tumor onset was reviewed. Besides, the mechanism by which disordered TRAP1 protein expression induced tumor formation was postula-ted, which may provide references for future research and clini-cal treatment.