Objective To investigate the effect of metabolic parameters on the self-efficacy in patients with diabetes mellitus.Methods 175 diabetes mellitus patients were recruited by random sampling method.Demographic data and metabolic parameters were obtained and the scales of self-efficacy of diabetes patients were evaluated by secd6.We further analyzed the effect of metabolic parameters on the selfeffficacy in diabetes mellitus patients.Results Two-hour postprandial blood glucose had negative correlation with self-efficacy among 10 metabolic parameters in diabetes mellitus patients.Conclusions Twohour post-prandial hyperglycemia affects the scale of self-effcacy.So we should strengthen the management of two-hour postprandial hyperglycemia to increase the self-efficacy in diabetes mellitus patients.

Objective:To provide references for policy-making on the establishment of a sound healthcare sys-tem for China’s aged population. Methods:Based on the framework of The Behavioral Model of Health Services Use and data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study in 2011 , the Tobit model of aged population’s health expenditures is built. Results: Self-rated health conditions, chronic disease, medical insurance, endowment insur-ance, self-rated living standard, age, gender, marital status and urban-rural character are the significant determi-nants. Conclusions:The healthcare system for China’s aged population should be built through simultaneously apply-ing disease prevention and access facilitation policies and the characteristic differences of different groups of aged pop-ulation should be taken into consideration.

OBJECTIVE:To promote the development and make full use of the pharmacoeconomics(PE)in China.METHODS:The problems to be able to solved using PE,i.e the necessity of developing PE in China was discussed,and the bottleneck which will restrain or hinder the optimal utilization of PE was pointed out.RESULTS:We should strengthen the cultivation of talents engaged in PE,formulating guidelines of pharmacoeconomic evaluation and gradually apply PE into National Essential Medicine Policy.CONCLUSION:The decision-makers of health policy should have a sufficient understanding of PE so as to facilitate the utilization and sustainable development of PE in health policy-related decision-making.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for food & drug regulatory authorities in China to disclose government information.METHODS:In the light of the development and status quo of the disclosure of information in US FDA,the access,content and procedure for the disclosure of information in FDA were discussed.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:There are many similarities between US and China in the disclosure of information.In view of the practical situation of governmental information disclosure in food and drug regulatory authorities in China,Chinese government should be able to find out such key issues as the human and financial support is much needed in FDA information disclosure,the disclosure level should be in line with our national condition,a three-dimensional publicity system of government information at different level should be established and emphasis should be laid to the key disclosed information etc based on the research on the development,access,content and procedure of information disclosure in FDA.

OBJECTIVE:In order to enhance the quality control of Chinese botanical extracts and to facilitate the entry of Chinese botanical drugs and traditional Chinese medicine into the international market.METHODS:The market overview of the botanical extracts was expounded,problems existed in the quality control of the Chinese botanical extracts were analyzed,and the significance and key points in establishing Good Extracting Practice(GEP)of the traditional Chinese medicine were discussed.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The quality control of the Chinese botanical extracts must be emphasized,which means to establish the feasible quality standard;the production process should be optimized and the corresponding‘Standard Operating Procedure’should be formed;advanced technology and facilities should be adopted to improve the content of hi-tech,the toxic substances should be strictly controlled;the quality of the raw material should be guaranteed,the connection between which and the‘Good Agricultural Practice for Chinese Crude Drugs'should be strengthened.

OBJECTIVE:To provide references for the expanding of Chinese traditional medicine enterprises in USA market.METHODS:The management mode of the botanical preparations in the USA and the related laws and regulations were overviewed from the perspectives of dietary replenisher and drug areas.RESULTS&CONSCLUSION:For the entry of Chi?nese traditional medicine into the USA market,a realistic way of behavior for the time being is to adopt a step-by-step pol?icy,i.e.first of all,a research of the standard botanical extracts should be conducted before entering into the USA market in the status of dietary replenishers,then the clinical research application was raised after marketing in USA market for several years,eventually,new drug application was raised.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss how to exploit and improve the rural drug market.METHODS:The status quo,major problems and the causes of which in China rural drug market were analyzed by referring to recent relative data and information on rural drug market.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:The chief causes of the current problems in China rural drug market lie in the supplying network and supervising network,the exploitation and improvement of which require the co-ef?forts of the government and pharmaceutical enterprises.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the necessity,feasibility and methods for exploitation of private brand products in pharmaceutical retail enterprises.METHODS:Recent data and materials about the pharmaceutical retail industry were referred to,the background for the rise of private brands in pharmaceutical retail industry,the advantages of private brand,and the current exploiting situation of private brand products in domestic pharmaceutical retail enterprises were analyzed.RESULT &CONCLUSION:With the considerable scale,distributing net,marketing,brand management and desirable reputation,pharmaceutical retail enterprises can choose appropriate products,methods and brand positioning to exploit private brand products.

OBJECTIVE:To provide references for drug manufacturing enterprises in dealing with the relationship be-tween enterprise brand and product brand.METHODS:The study of the relationship between enterprise brand and product brand was performed and the brand strategies of drug manufacturing enterprises were analyzed from aspects of enterprise brand and product brand.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:Brand strategies should be varied with different degrees of closeness of relationship between enterprise brand and product brand,drug enterprises should take different measures to exert the advan-tages of brand strategy while avoiding its disadvantages.

OBJECTIVE:To discuss the possible influence of the Regulation on the Stock Trade between Retailers and Suppliers(which was called in the following as “Regulation” for short) on drug retailing for the reference of drug retailers and suppliers.METHODS:The origin and the status quo of “Regulation” were studied and the influence of which on drug retailing was analyzed.RESULTS & CONCLUSION:Drug retailing was considerably influenced by policy factor,this issue of “Regula_tion” may change some unfair business behaviors such as delaying in payment and charging unreasonable entrance fee,and influences the strength contrast between drug retailers and suppliers.