Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) is an important indoor air pollutant, with both outdoor and indoor sources contributing to indoor NO₂ exposure levels. Considering the association of high NO₂ exposure with adverse health effects, the Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022) have been revised to further restrict indoor NO₂ limit values. The 1-h average concentration limit value for NO₂ has been reduced from 0.24 mg/m³ to 200 μg/m³.This study analyzed the technical contents related to the determination of the limits of indoor NO₂ in Standards for Indoor Air Quality (GB/T 18883-2022), including source, exposure level, health effects, and the process and evidence basis for determining the limit value. It also proposed prospects for the direction for the implementation of the indoor NO₂ standard.
Humans ; Air Pollution, Indoor/adverse effects* ; Nitrogen Dioxide ; Air Pollutants/analysis* ; China ; Air Pollution/adverse effects*

Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) is an important indoor air pollutant, with both outdoor and indoor sources contributing to indoor NO₂ exposure levels. Considering the association of high NO₂ exposure with adverse health effects, the Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022) have been revised to further restrict indoor NO₂ limit values. The 1-h average concentration limit value for NO₂ has been reduced from 0.24 mg/m³ to 200 μg/m³.This study analyzed the technical contents related to the determination of the limits of indoor NO₂ in Standards for Indoor Air Quality (GB/T 18883-2022), including source, exposure level, health effects, and the process and evidence basis for determining the limit value. It also proposed prospects for the direction for the implementation of the indoor NO₂ standard.
Humans ; Air Pollution, Indoor/adverse effects* ; Nitrogen Dioxide ; Air Pollutants/analysis* ; China ; Air Pollution/adverse effects*

Air Pollution, Indoor ; adverse effects ; Animals ; Male ; Maze Learning ; Memory ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains

No abstract available.
Air Pollution, Indoor/*adverse effects ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Sulfur Dioxide/*adverse effects ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/*epidemiology ; *Urban Health

OBJECTIVETo study genetic damage of mice caused by the volatile organic compounds (VOC) of decoration materials.

METHODSFifty-five hotel guest rooms newly decorated within 6 months and 18 hotel guest rooms not decorated within 3 years were selected to determine the concentrations of 6 main VOC (benzene, methylbenzene, dimethylbenzene, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, formaldehyde) in the air. Mice were exposed to VOC with the concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 40 times respectively as high as those present in the newly decorated rooms in an exposure cabinet for 15 days. DNA damage of peripheral lymphocytes of the mice was determined by single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) and bone marrow micronucleus test.

RESULTSThe concentrations of benzene, methylbenzene, dimethylbenzene, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate and formaldehyde in the rooms newly decorated within 6 months (6.50, 3.00, 6.70, 41.33, 1.70 and 0.14 mg/m(3) respectively) were significantly higher than those in rooms not decorated within 3 years (0.08, 0.94, 1.38, 0.25, 0.25, 0.01 mg/m(3), P < 0.01). DNA damage rates of peripheral lymphocytes in the concentrations of 10, 20, 40 times of exposure groups were significantly higher than those in the control groups (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), and the frequencies of micronucleus in the mice exposed to 40 times of concentration was significantly higher than that in control group.

CONCLUSIONHigh concentrations of the volatile organic chemical compounds may cause genetic damage in mice. SCGE test is more sensitive than micronucleus test.

Air Pollutants ; toxicity ; Air Pollution, Indoor ; adverse effects ; Animals ; DNA Damage ; drug effects ; Mice ; Micronucleus Tests ; No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level ; Organic Chemicals ; toxicity ; Paint ; adverse effects

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of indoor air pollution and individual susceptible factors on prevalence of children's asthma and asthma-related symptoms in Shenyang city.

METHODSOn April, 2007, 8733 Han children who were under age of 12 and lived for more than 2 years in Shenyang city, were selected from five administrative areas (one primary school and two kindergartens for each area) through cluster random sampling method. Information on children's general condition, asthma and related symptoms (including stridor, stridor symptoms, persistent cough, persistent phlegm), indoor air pollution, and susceptibility history were obtained by a standard questionnaire from the American Thoracic Society. The effects of indoor air pollution on asthma and asthma-related symptoms was analyzed through χ(2) test. Logistic regression was used to research the effects of risk factors on the prevalence of asthma and asthma-related symptoms of both susceptible and non-susceptible children.

RESULTSAmong the 8733 subjects, 4420 (50.6%) were boy and 4313 (49.4%) were girl, with the age of (8.08 ± 2.88) years old. The prevalence of asthma, current asthma, cough, persistent phlegm, stridor and stridor symptom were 6.4% (559 cases), 2.5% (215 cases), 9.6% (836 cases), 4.4% (386 cases), 17.5% (1524 cases) and 2.6% (229 cases) respectively. The prevalence of asthma the boys and girls were among 7.1% (313 cases) and 5.7% (246 cases) (χ(2) = 6.916, P < 0.05); and stridor symptom for them were 19.2% (850 cases), 15.6% (674 cases) (χ(2) = 19.678, P < 0.05), respectively. Passive smoking before two years old, house decoration and pet were related to asthma of children, and there was significant difference between the two groups. The prevalence of asthma of exposed children were 7.7% (312 cases), 9.5% (159 cases), 8.0% (270 cases), 9.0% (114 cases), respectively. Compared with the non-exposed children who had asthma, the prevalence of asthma were 5.7% (400 cases), 5.4% (289 cases), 6.0% (445 cases), the value of χ(2) were 33.646, 23.944 and 16.527 respectively (all P values < 0.05). Children who had family history of asthma, family history of allergy and allergy history were also related with asthma, the prevalence of asthma were 17.3% (106 cases), 13.1% (85 cases), 22.0% (147 cases), compared with the non-exposed children who had asthma, the prevalence of asthma were 5.5% (453), 5.9% (474), 5.1% (412), and there was significant difference between the two groups, the value of χ(2) were 130.522, 59.929 and 293.997, respectively (all P values < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that passive smoking (OR = 1.7, 95%CI: 1.2 - 2.4), house decoration (OR = 1.5, 95%CI: 1.1 - 1.9) and pet (OR = 1.6, 95%CI: 1.1 - 2.3) were statistically significant to asthma in non-susceptible children. While passive smoking (OR = 1.3, 95%CI: 1.0 - 1.7) and house decoration (OR = 1.4, 95%CI: 1.1 - 1.7) were increased the risk of asthma.

CONCLUSIONIndoor air pollution is a risk factor of children' s asthma. Family history of asthma and physical susceptible children are high risk to asthma, and susceptible children are easily influenced by other risk factors.

Air Pollution, Indoor ; adverse effects ; analysis ; Asthma ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Environment ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Risk Factors

Over half of the world's population is exposed to household air pollution from the burning of solid fuels at home. Household air pollution from solid fuel use is a leading risk factor for global disease and remains a major public health problem, especially in low- and mid-income countries. This is a particularly serious problem in China, where many people in rural areas still use coal for household heating and cooking. This review focuses on several decades of research carried out in Xuanwei County, Yunnan Province, where household coal use is a major source of household air pollution and where studies have linked household air pollution exposure to high rates of lung cancer. We conducted a series of case-control and cohort studies in Xuanwei to characterize the lung cancer risk in this population and the factors associated with it. We found lung cancer risk to vary substantially between different coal types, with a higher risk associated with smoky (i.e., bituminous) coal use compared to smokeless (i.e., anthracite) coal use. The installation of a chimney in homes resulted in a substantial reduction in lung cancer incidence and mortality. Overall, our research underscores the need among existing coal users to improve ventilation, use the least toxic fuel, and eventually move toward the use of cleaner fuels, such as gas and electricity.
Air Pollution, Indoor ; adverse effects ; China ; Coal ; adverse effects ; classification ; Cohort Studies ; Cooking ; Fossil Fuels ; Heating ; Humans ; Incidence ; Lung Neoplasms ; etiology ; mortality ; Risk Factors ; Smoke ; adverse effects ; Smoking

Adult ; Air Pollution, Indoor ; adverse effects ; Benzene ; adverse effects ; Control Groups ; Female ; Humans ; Leukocyte Count ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Occupational Exposure ; adverse effects ; Paint

Air Pollutants ; toxicity ; Air Pollution, Indoor ; adverse effects ; Animals ; DNA Damage ; drug effects ; Female ; Interior Design and Furnishings ; Male ; Mice ; Mutagenicity Tests

OBJECTIVETo investigate the risk factors allergic asthma in adult as well as the indoor environmental risk factors.

METHODSCase-control study was used to collect the information from 102 cases of adults' allergic asthma and 394 controls. The information included general social demographic characteristics, disease history, smoking history, occupation, indoor environmental situation and genetic history of the families.

RESULTSThe case group had higher proportion of the history on occupational dust exposure than the control group (P < 0.05, OR = 1.78) with statistical significance. Poorer housing condition were more likely to cause adult allergic asthma or onset, with an odds ratio of 3.24. The results also showed that there was a correlation between the frequency of "quilt solarization" and adult allergic asthma (P < 0.10, OR = 1.53). We also found that the frequency of having woody floor in the living room of the patients cases was higher than that in the controls (P < 0.01, OR = 2.33) so as the degree of indoor cooking-oil fume contamination (P < 0.01, OR = 2.52). The statistical significant correlation was also found between the adult allergic asthma and the history of asthma or chronic bronchitis of their parents (P < 0.01, OR = 2.32).

CONCLUSIONSThe study showed that the indoor environmental risk factors as poor housing condition, fewer frequency of solarization for quilts, woody floor in the living room as well as indoor cooking-oil fume contamination were the possible risk factors related to adult allergic asthma. Occupational dust exposure and the family genetic history were also the possible risk factors. The study indicated that adult allergic asthma was a multi-factorial complex disease and the interaction of environmental and genetic risk factors played an important role in the onset of this disease.

Adult ; Aged ; Air Pollutants, Occupational ; adverse effects ; Air Pollution, Indoor ; adverse effects ; Asthma ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Case-Control Studies ; China ; epidemiology ; Diet ; Dust ; Family Health ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Tobacco Smoke Pollution ; adverse effects