OBJECTIVE: To prepare doxycycline hydrochloride microspheres and to establish a method for its quality control.METHODS: O/O emulsion solvent evaporation method was adopted to prepare doxycycline hydrochloride microspheres with poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) as carrier.Light microscope was used to detect appearance and particle size of microspheres and UV spectrophotometry was applied to determine the loading rate and release rate of drug in vitro.RESULTS: Prepared microspheres are smooth and round with mean particle size of (49?6.9) ?m and span of 0.9.Average drug loading rate was (3.3?0.2) % and encapsulation efficiency was (52.4?3.2) % (n=3).Accumulative drug release reached 28% within 0.5 h with constant drug release lasting more than 30 days.CONCLUSION: Doxycycline hydrochloride microspheres preparation process is available and controllable in quality.

Objective:To introduce the working mode and training process of specialized clinical pharmacists in the United States. Methods:By visiting and learning the experience of specialized clinical pharmacist training in the United States, the process and re-quirements of specialized clinical pharmacy were illustrated. Through the content analysis on pharmaceutical care of specialized clinical pharmacists in the United States, the work patterns and responsibilities were understood. Results and Conclusion:The duties of spe-cialized clinical pharmacists in USA are more refining. A three-step pattern is clearly presented in the training system of clincial phar-macists in USA, and specialized clinical pharmacists can play important roles in pharmaceutical care.

Objective To explore the influence of group psychotherapy on the alleviation of psychiatric nurses' compassion fatigue.Methods A total of 190 psychiatric nurses were investigated by compassion fatigue scale.Forty psychiatric nurses were selected to accept group psychotherapy for 10 times.The scores of compassion fatigue scale were compared before and after group psychotherapy and the influencing factors of therapeutic effect were analyzed.Results Thirty-eight psychiatric nurses had accomplished the intervention and follow-up.Compared with before group psychotherapy,the total scores of compassion fatigue scale and the scores of mental tension,passive behavior,doubtful ability and loss of morale among 6 dimensions after group psychotherapy were improved:(83.28±7.01) scores vs.(102.60±7.24) scores,(2.66±0.42) scores vs.(3.11±0.49) scores,(2.02±0.36) scores vs.(2.55±0.41) scores,(1.99±0.33)scores vs.(2.65±0.38) scores,(1.69±0.34) scores vs.(2.76±0.44) scores,and there were significant differences,P＜0.05.Regression analysis found that the work life,education level were correlated with the deduction rate of the total scores of compassion fatigue scale,t=2.858,3.099,P＜0.01.Conclusion Group psychotherapy can help psychiatric nurses to alleviate their compassion fatigue.

Objective:To screen the best formula of tegafur temperature-sensitive gel for intratumor injection and investigate the in vitro drug release behavior. Methods:The drug dose was determined by cytotoxicity experiment. The thermo-sensitive gel was prepared with PLGA-PEG-PLGA and HPMC as the matrix. With the in vitro release as the index, the effects of PLGA-PEG-PLGA and HPMC at different concentrations on gel were investigated. The gelation temperature, viscosity and pH were detected. Results:The best formula was as follows:25% PLGA-PEG-PLGA, 1% HPMC, and tegafur dose of 1 mg·ml-1 . The average gelation temperature was 36. 7℃, the average viscosity was 7550 mPa·s, and the average pH was 7. 2. Conclusion:Tegafur thermo-sensitive gel for intratumor in-jection shows temperature sensitivity and obvious sustained-release property, which provides experimental basis for the further clinical research.

Objective:To explore the role of clinical pharmacists in the use of antiplatelet drugs in the patients with PCI in periop-erative period in order to improve the clinical treatment effect and reduce the incidence of adverse drug reactions. Methods:According to the latest antiplatelet drug treatment guidelines and the related literatures, the causes of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding induced by triple antiplatelet drugs were analyzed in one case of postoperative patients with PCI, and the rationality of the drug use and the treatment of bleeding were discussed, and the related suggestions were put forward for clinics. Results:In order to ensure the clinical safety and the rational use of drugs, the patients with high risk of bleeding and high thrombosis events should carefully select new anti-platelet drugs, and anti ischemic drugs with good efficacy and low bleeding risk were the first choices. Conclusion:In order to ensure medication safety and effectiveness, clinical pharmacists should actively participate in clinical rational drug use through giving relative suggestions and playing active roles in the rational use of antiplatelet drugs.

Objective:To explore the effect of the methanol extract of Macrothelypteris oligophlebia on chronic non-bacterial prosta-titis ( CNP) in rats to confirm the active fractions. Methods:The powdered rhizomes of M. oligophlebia were soaked in methanol. The methanol extract was suspended in water and then extracted successively with chloroform and ethyl acetate to obtain chloroform fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and water fraction. Carrageenan-induced CNP in rats was established. The rats were randomly divided into the sham-operated control group, model group, positive control group, methanol extract group, ethyl acetate fraction group, chloroform fraction group and water fraction group. The anti-prostatitis effect was evaluated by the prostate index, and the pathological examination of prostate was performed using HE staining. The levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), cyclooxyge-nase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandin E2(PGE2) were analyzed using ELISA kits. Results:The ethyl acetate fraction group and metha-nol extract group with high flavonoid content could significantly decrease prostate index (P<0. 01) and the levels of IL-10, TNF-α, COX-2 and PGE2(P<0. 05 or P<0. 01), and improve the prostate morphology when compared with the model group, especially with the ethyl acetate fraction group. Conclusion:The rhizomes of M. oligophlebia show promising therapeutic effect on CNP, and the ethyl acetate fraction is the active fraction.

Objective:To prepare PLGA nanoparticles modified with folic acid conjugated chitosan oligosaccharide containing pa-clitaxel (F-CS-PLGA-NPs) and study the inhibitory effect on SKOV-3. Methods:F-CS-PLGA-NPs were prepared by an interface dep-osition method, 30% ethanol was used as the release medium for the in vitro release profiles of nanoparticles, and MTT was adopted to evaluate the inhibitory effect of paclitaxel with different formulations and concentrations on SKOV-3. Results:The particle size and zeta potential of F-CS-PLGA-NPs was (321 ± 0. 76) nm and (22. 6 ± 0. 26) mV, respectively, the drug loading was (5. 1 ± 0. 25)%, and the encapsulation efficiency was (41. 96 ± 1. 96)%. F-CS-PLGA-NPs had a similar in vitro release profiles with the ordinary nanoparti-cles ( PLGA-NPs) . About 35% of paclitaxel was released from the nanoparticles in the initial 24 h, and then a near zero order release at a relative slow rate was shown, and the cumulative release rate in 144 h was about 75%. The results of cell experiments suggested that at the same paclitaxel concentration, the inhibition effect of F-CS-PLGA-NPs group was stronger than that of the PLGA-NPs group and the solution group. The inhibition effect of F-CS-PLGA-NPs could be reduced by free folic acid. Conclusion:PLGA nanoparticles modified with folic acid conjugated chitosan oligosaccharide can increase the targeting efficiency in SKOVS-3 tumor cells.

Objective To discuss the treatment action and mechanism of Wenjing Tongluo Formula on oxaliplatin-induced perpheral neurotoxicity in rats. Methods Intraperitoneal injection was used to inject oxaliplatin 4 mg/kg to establish oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neurotoxicity rat models. Female Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, and TCM group. TCM group was given Wenjing Tongluo Formula to soak rats’ limbs and tails. Rats in the model group were soaked with deionized water for comparison. Rats in the normal group received intraperitoneal injection with 5%glucose. Algesia hypersensitivity and anaphylaxis were detected under the mechanical stimulation and temperature. Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the expression of GFAP in L4-L6 spinal dorsal horn of rats. Explore the level of GLT-1 in L4-L6 dorsal root ganglia by RT-PCR. Results Rats in model group showed obvious behavioral changes compared with normal group (P<0.05);Rats in the TCM group improved in behavioristics compared with model group (P<0.01);number of positive cells in GFAP of rats in the model group increased compared with normal group (P<0.05);the increase in the TCM group was not obvious. Compared with normal group, astrocytes in spinal dorsal horn of model group were enlarged, protuberances increased, became coarse, and GLT-1 mRNA is decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with model group, active cells and protuberances in the TCM group decreased (P<0.01), GLT-1 mRNA is increased (P<0.01). Conclusion Wenjing Tongluo Formula can improve behavioral changes of model rats under temperature and mechanical stimulation, probably related to harmful signal transmission induced by inhibition of astrocyte in spinal dorsal horn.

ABSTRACT:Objective To establish a rapid molecular method for the detection of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 (ALDH2)and investigate the gene polymorphisms of ALDH2?2 and determine whether the polymorphic ALDH2 gene is associated with drinking behavior in a Chinese population.Methods The gene polymorphisms of ALDH2?2 were detected using pyrosequencing,TaqMan Real-time PCR and GeneChip microarray technologies;genotyping of 302 volunteers was performed to assess their genetic associations with alcohol use behavior.Results We developed pyrosequencing,TaqMan Real-time PCR and GeneChip microarray methods to identify ALDH2? 2 polymorphisms.The allele frequency of ALDH2?2 was 20.36% in the Chinese population:16.33% in the alcoholic group and 27.83% in non-drinkers (P=0.001).In contrast,the genotype frequency of heterozygous ALDH2?1/?2 plus homozygous ALDH2?2/?2 was 45.28% in non-drinkers and 32.65% in the alcoholics group (P=0.030). Allele frequency of ALDH2 genotypes differed significantly between our Chinese sample and other ethnic groups in Asia,and it was significantly higher than that in European and American countries.Conclusion The developed pyrosequencing,TaqMan Real-time PCR and GeneChip microarray methods are rapid,accurate,high-throughput, convenient,and reliable for detecting ALDH2 polymorphisms.ALDH2?2 gene can protect against the development of alcoholism.The allele frequency of ALDH2 in this Chinese population differs from that in other ethnic groups.

Objective To explore the effect of continuous aspiration of subglottic secretion at different negative pressure levels on mechanical ventilation. Methods Toally 142 patients were randomized by way of lottery into the control group (n=70) and the experiment group ( n = 72 ): the control group received continuous negative pressure aspiration of subglottic secretion at a negative pressure of 60 mmHg while the experiment group did 30~40 mmHg for grade I of the sticky secretion , 40~60 mmHg for gradeⅡ~Ⅲof the sticky secretion, respectively. The two groups were compared in terms of the rate of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP), airway mucosal injury and cough. Result There was no significant difference in the rate of ventilator associated pneumonia (P>0.05), but the rates of airway mucosal injury and cough were lower in the experiment group than those of the control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion It is reasonable to choose different negative pressure levels based on stickiness of the secretions for mechanical ventilation, for it can prevent the ventilator associated pneumonia and airway mucosal injury.