Bisphosphonate-Associated Osteonecrosis of the Jaw ; complications ; Humans ; Periodontal Abscess ; complications

Objective To formulate the clinical application specification of antibiotics ,make a deference index of antibac-terial drugs in chest department according to the investigation about the antibiotics′utility situation in chest department in 2014 and provide a theoretic foundation for the clinical doctor to promote the clinical rational drug use .Methods The antibiotics′ap-plication information of 300 cases inpatients in the chest department of a hospital in 2014 were researched and analyzed through retrospection ,regarding with the relevant regulations and related clinical practice guidelines ,the clinical application specifica-tion of antibiotics was formulated and the analysis ,calculation ,statistics to the actual and theoretical value of the rate and inten-sity of antibiotics′application ,the application rate of the prophylactic antibiotics of type I incision on the inpatients in the chest department had been done .The differentiation index of them were establish .Results The rates of the actual antibiotics′appli-cation and the prophylactic antibiotics of type I incision respectively were 72 .7% and 92 .6% ,while the intensity of antibiotics′application was 61.2 DDDs/(100 persons · d ) . The deference indexes of them were developed 69 .3% , 63 .0% and 49.3 DDDs/(100 persons · d) .Conclusions There′re still much irrational places in the use of antibiotics in chest department of the hospital .It′s essential to strengthen supervision in order to promote the rational use of antibiotics in clinical practice .

BACKGROUND:In the co-culture environment of mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages,mesenchymal stem cells can promote the polarization of macrophages into anti-inflammatory macrophages to reduce inflammation,and macrophages can promote the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.The co-culture of both plays an important role in regulating the immune system and promoting tissue regeneration. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the methods,influencing factors and possible mechanisms of co-culture between mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages,and to provide theoretical basis and experimental methods for the application of co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages in tissue engineering. METHODS:The first author searched the relevant articles published from January 1970 to September 2023 in PubMed and CNK by computer from January to September 2023.The Chinese and English key words were"mesenchymal stem cells,macrophages,co-culture".Finally,63 articles were included and analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)In vitro co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages can be divided into direct contact co-culture and indirect contact co-culture according to the model,and two-dimensional cell co-culture and three-dimensional cell co-culture according to the dimension.(2)The co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages can promote the polarization of macrophages towards M2 type and enhance the osteogenic effect of mesenchymal stem cells.(3)In the co-culture model,the methods of co-culture,the proportion and time of co-culture,the phenotype of macrophages,and the cell source and conditions all affected the immune regulation of macrophages and the osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells.(4)Cell interaction in co-culture may regulate the immune function of macrophages,proliferation,migration and osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells through cell-secreted soluble factors,extracellular vesicles,cell-cell contact,and metabolic pathways.(5)Mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages can enhance cardiac function after acute myocardial infarction,promote epithelial wound healing,reduce lung inflammation,improve renal function,and accelerate bone repair.(6)There are still some problems in co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages,such as the selection of co-culture conditions,the maintenance of good cell state and interaction of co-cultured cells.(7)The co-culture of mesenchymal stem cells and macrophages can improve the local inflammatory microenvironment and promote tissue regeneration and repair,so it will have a broad application prospect in tissue engineering.

Urinary tract infection(UTI)is a common disease of the urinary system. Based on a case of male outpatient with primary acute uncomplicated pyelonephritis and the relevant guidelines, this article analyzes the identification, diagnosis and differential diagnosis as well as comprehensive management of uncomplicated upper urinary tract infection, in order to provide information and clinical thinking for general practitioners.