Objective To observe the feasibility and value of ultrasound in diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in infant. Methods A total of 84 hips of 42 infants aged 6 to 36 months who were suspected of DDH were included in this study. All patients were examined by ultrasonography with the Graf's method, and were scaned by three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT). The results of ultrasounogrphy were compared with that of 3D CT, and the availability of ultrasound in diagnosing DDH in infant was evaluated. Results Twenty-eight normal hips, 12 dysplasia hips, 15 subdislocation hips and 29 dislocation hips were diagnosed in the 84 hips. The accuracy of ultrasound in diagnosis of DDH was 97.62%. Conclusion High-frequency ultrasound scan is a valuable method in diagnosing the DDH in infants, and can be used as a routine diagnostic method.

Objective To study the correlation between the fetal liver volume and gestational age by three-dimensional ultrasound,and to evaluate its clinical significance.Methods Fetal liver volume from 173 normal fetuses,ranging between 22～39 weeks old,was individually measured by three dimensional ultrasound.Results ① The reproducibility of fetal liver volume measurement by three-dimensional ultrasound was well.② The relationship between fetal liver volume and gestational age was linear(r= 0.93,P

Objective To assess the clinical value of three-dimensional ultrasonography (3DUS) in normal vascular structures and vascular diseases. Methods Thirty-nine 3DUS images were reconstructed,including 17 normal vascular structures and 22 vascular diseases. 3DUS reconstruction was introduced by the maximum intensity projection (MIP) method. A series of 3DUS image was performed using GE Logiq 500 and Logiq 700. Results In all cases, 3DUS images were constructed within 10-30 seconds after free hand scanning. Internal, external and common carotid arteries were also showed in the same rotating 3DUS display simultaneously. The continuity of the transplanted hepatic portal vein were demonstrated clearly in rotating mode 3DUS display and consistent with angiography or computer tomography findings. In cases of various vascular diseases, the degree and location of stenosis or aneurysm of the vessels could be stereoscopically visualized, easy to understand especially for a surgeon who evaluates a preoperative state. Conclusions The 3DUS can display normal or abnormal vascular anatomy clearly. 3DUS image could supply more information than original two-dimensional image, and is useful in the diagnosis of various vascular diseases.

Pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) may lead to severe respiratory distress immediately after birth,even neonatal death. The etiological factors, clinical, ultrasonic and pathologic characteristics of PH and the proposed methods for the prenatal diagnosis were reviewed in this article.

Objective To evaluate the value of three-dimensional ultrasound volume contrast imaging (VCI) and tomo graphy ultrasound imaging (TUI) techniques in observing fetal spinal conus medullaris (CM) position and lumbar enlargement of spinal cord morphologic changes,for assessment of tethered cord (TC).Methods Totally 17 abnormal fetuses of spinal diseases combined with TC (abnormal group) were examined by three dimensional ultrasound VCI and TUI techniques.The position of CM was recorded,and the transverse and anteroposterior diameters of lumbar enlargement of spinal cord were measured and compared with 300 cases of normal fetuses (normal group).Results As the growth of the gestational age (CA),CM terminal position increased.All the ends of CM located at L3 or L3 above level in normal.The transverse and anteroposterior diameters of lumbar enlargement in normal group showed good linear relationship with GA.Transverse diameter (mm) =0.677+0.147 ×GA (R2 =0.836,P＜0.05),anteroposterior diameter (mm)-0.994+ 0.152× GA (R2=0.894,P＜0.05).Compared with the corresponding GA fetuses in normal group,the anteroposterior diameter of lumbar enlargement decreased in abnormal group (P=0.002),while no statistical difference of the transverse diameter was found between the two groups (P=0.082).Conclusion Position of CM and lumbar enlargement measure ment can provide valuable reference information for clinical prenatal diagnosis of fetal spinal TC.

Objective To assess the application of automated four-dimensional (4D) volume color Doppler ultrasonography in normal fetal heart screening. Methods Four-dimensional volume color Doppler was acquired at the level of four chamber view level in 120 fetuses from 18 to 23 weeks of gestation. Three diagnostic planes including color Doppler information were retrieved by automated multiplanar imaging from the 4D volumes. The left ventricular outflow view (cardiac plane 1), the right ventricular outflow view (cardiac plane 2) and ductal arch view (cardiac plane 3) were acquired. Tomographic ultrasound imaging (TUI) was added to display all the three diagnostic planes. The data were then analyzed to determine whether cardiac planes 1-3 were displayed correctly in each volume. Results Automated 4D volume color Doppler ultrasonography displaying rate of cardiac plane 1, cardiac plane 2, cardiac plane 3 were 100%, 96.67% and 91.67%, respectively. Cardiac plane 1 was displayed at least three TUI plane, cardiac plane 2 was displayed at least two TUI plane, and cardiac plane 3 was displayed at least two TUI plane. Conclusion It is possible to acquire important planes of the fetal heart with automated 4D volume color Doppler ultrasonography and the visualization rate of the three diagnostic planes is fine.

Objective To assess the application value of real time three-dimensional (RT-3D) ultrasonography in diagnosis of fetal corrected transposition of the great arties (cTGA). Methods Data of 14 fetuses diagnosed as cTGA clinically were reviewed. With 2D ultrasonography, diagnosis views were obtained and then studied using cardiac three-section analytic method. With real time 3D (RT-3D) ultrasonography, volume datasets were acquired at the level of four chamber view, and spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) was then used to analyze the relationship of the two great arties. Confirmed by infant echocardiography and the autopsy findings, the accuracy of RT-3D and 2D ultrasonography in evaluation of fetal cTGA and complications were compared. Results The accuracy rate of RT-3D and 2D ultrasonography in diagnosis of fetal cTGA was 92.86% and 71.43% (χ~2=2.19, P=0.14). The procedure time of RT-3D ultrasonography was significantly shorter than that of 2D ultrasonography (t=10.23, P＜0.001). Conclusion RT-3D ultrasonography can evaluate fetal cTGA and its complications more quickly and exactly than conventional 2D ultrasonography.

Objective To discuss the method and skill of prenatal diagnosis of fetal isolated pulmonary stenosis and thus to improve prenatal diagnostic ability. Methods The data of 18 fetuses diagnosed as isolated pulmonary stenois were reviewed and the ultrasonic characters of each section were analysised. Results Five of the 18 cases were confirmed as pulmonary stenosis by autopsy and 12 cases were confirmed by echocardiography after birth. One case was confirmed as pulmonary atresia by echocardiography after birth. Reversed blood flow in arterial duct was detected at the ductal arch section in all the cases and right atrial enlargement,right ventricular myocardial hypertrophy, tricuspid regurgitation, foramen ovale enlargement, reduced activity of foramen ovale valve were detected in partial cases. Conclusions It is important that reversed blood flow in arterial duct and in the two main artery could be observed at the ductal arch section and the three vessel section respectively. Ductal arch section,ventricular outflow tracts section and the three vessel section are very important in the diagnosis of fetal isolated pulmonary stenosis.

Objective To evaluate the development of fetal cerebellar vermis using 3D transabdominal ultrasound,and provide evidence for prenatal screening fetal cerebellar vermis anomalies.Methods Totally 387 normal fetuses at 20～36 gestation weeks were examined by three-dimensional extended imaging(3DXI) to observe the fetal cerebellar vermis.The width,anteroposterior diameter,craniocaudal diameter of the cerebellar vermis,the angle between brain stem and vermis,a ratio between the area of anterior vermis and posterior vermis were measured,and the relationship between the gestational age and parameters mentioned above were analyzed.Results The multi slice view of 3DXI and 3D reconstructed sagittal section well evaluated the integrity of vermis morphous and vermis size,identified characteristic signs of vermis:the fourth ventricle apex and vermis crack.In normal fetus,brain stem and vermis were almost parallel,the angle between them was 3.97°±1.65°.There was no significant correlation between the angle and the gestational age.The area of the anterior vermis was smaller than that of posterior vermis,with a ratio of 0.76±0.06,which was also not related to gestational age.The width,anteroposte rior diameter and craniocaudal diameter of the cerebellar vermis were positively correlated with gestational age.Conclusions The multi slice view of 3DXI and 3D reconstructed sagittal section should help evaluate the development of the cerebellar vermis,accurately show the cerebellar vermis and its surrounding strutures,and provide a new way to evaluate the fetal cerebellar vermis.

Objective To study the ultrasonographic features and differential diagnosis of fetal penoscrotal transposition.Two dimensional and three dimensional ultrasound were applied in the diagnosis of fetal penoscrotal transpositionto improve the detection rate. Methods Twenty cases of suspected penile scrotal transposition of the fetus in Shengjing Hospital affiliated to China Medical University fromJanuary 2015 to February 2017were included in present study. The ultrasound findings, fetal chromosome examination and clinical follow-up outcome were retrospectively summarized. Results Among the 20 suspected cases of penile scrotal transposition, 17 cases were diagnosed correctly. All the 17 cases were partial type of penile scrotal transposition. In the remaining 3 cases, 2 caseswere hermaphroditism with the karyotype of 46-XX, and the other 1 case was confirmed as normal female fetusesby clinical follow-up after birth. The ″tulip″signwas the typical ultrasonographic features offetal penoscrotal transposition. Conclusion 2D combined with 3D ultraosound is useful in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of fetal penile scrotal transposition.