Phonophobia and hyperacusis are two separate but closely related symptoms that are often mistakenly used in clinical practice as the same entity. Here we present a case report to highlight the distinguishing features of both and discuss the steps of management in these conditions. It is vital for the attending doctors to recognise hyperacusis and phonophobia as different entities to manage them successfully.

Introduction: Obesity and its associated metabolic consequences such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease are a global epidemic. Conventional treatment of obesity is daily calorie restriction which many patients find challenging. Time-restricted feeding (TRF) is an emerging alternative although very limited scientific evidence is available. Alternatively, brisk walking (BW) has been shown to reduce mortality risks. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of TRF (16 hour/day of fasting) and investigate the additional effects of BW with TRF (16 hour/day of fasting) in overweight and obesity management. Methods: Thirty-six (n=36) overweight and obese participants were enrolled equally into three different groups according to their preferences in this 16- week prospective experimental study; Group A (TRF combined with BW), Group B (TRF alone) and Group C (control group maintaining their lifestyle). Data collection was conducted at the beginning and end of the study for statistical analysis. Results: All Group A and Group B participants showed significant reductions in body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, body fat percentage, visceral fat level, whole body subcutaneous fat percentage, trunk subcutaneous percentage, legs subcutaneous percentage and arms subcutaneous fat percentage as compared to their control counterparts (Group C) (all p<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in all anthropometric measurements of Group A participants compared to Group B counterparts. Conclusion: TRF (16 hour/day fasting) can be adopted in weight reduction management of overweight and obese patients. BW for 16 weeks combined with TRF renders no additional effects in overweight and obesity management.

This scoping review aimed to determine the dosage of noise exposure among motorcycle riders and the sources contributing to a rider’s noise exposure. A systematic search of several scientific databases was conducted from 1981 until 2021. Eligible articles were included into the defined criteria. The dosage of noise exposure, sources, and standardization method were extracted. A total of 37 studies were included. There was scarce publication regarding the exact level of noise exposure experienced by the riders. There was, however, abundant evidence on indirect sources of noise exposure for riders, which requires further critical analysis. The dosage of noise exposure among riders was significantly higher than the recommended level. Seven sources were determined to generate noise which could potentially affect the riders, presented in this paper along with their respective evidence.