Objective To investigate the use of anti-infective drugs in outpatients of our hospital, and to pro-mote rational administration in clinic. Methods Collecting the prescriptions of out-patient during June 2007 in our pharmscy,then statistically analyze the anti-infective drugs information in combination with adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports. Results The percentage of prescriptions was 45. 8%, the average amount of the prescriptions was 62. 56 yuan,the cost of anti-infective drugs accounted for 41.8% ,prescriptions of combined use and injection were 39.5% and 37.2% ,the ratio of ADR was 80. 6% ,irrational administration accounted for 10. 8%. Conclusion The use of anti-infective drugs in our prescriptions of out-patients has some problems, but rational use is the main trend in our hospital.

Objective To evaluate the quality of four domestic and three imported fourth-generation HIV diagnostic reagents.Methods The specificity and sensitivity of these assays were analyzed when testing HIV negative samples and HIV-1 RNA positive samples.The relative seroconversion sensitivity index was analyzed when testing BBI seroconversion panels.Results The sensitivity of seven 4th-generation assays were 100％ (95％ CI:99.86％-100％ ),and one sample at the window period of HIV-1 infection were detected as positive.Of the seven assays,one imported assay exhibited the relative largeδ + value (1.0892),and the small δ+ value were found on the remaining six assays (0.0836-0.3003 ).For the samples negative for HIV antibody,varying degrees of false positives were observed on the seven assays ( specificity:97.80％ -99.60％,δ- value:-1.3803 to -0.4778).When testing the BBI seroconversion panels,the relative seroconversion sensitivity index of domestic assays were -0.500-0,however,which of imported assays were -0.600 and -0.700.Conclusion The seven reagents exhibited high sensitivity and specificity.The 4th generation HIV assays can be used as blood screening reagents to find the samples at window period of HIV-1 infection,thus indicating the certain meaning in reducing the transmission risk of HIV-1 for fourth-generation HIV diagnostic reagents.However,the better efficiency to detect HIV-1 early infection was observed on the imported assays than on the domestic assays.

Objective To evaluate the differences between the third and the fourth generations of anti-HIV assays,and different kits within the same generation.Methods A total of 989 HIV-negative samples,185 samples positive for HIV-1 RNA.1st-generation international references of HIV antibodies and samples from 9 sets of BBI seroconversion panels were detected by 8 kits of the third generation and 4 kits of the fourth.Results The fourth generation kits can detect HIV infection earlier than the third generation kits.However,the detected days of HIV infection with different kits of the fourth generation were different whilst no significant difierences were found with difierent kits of the third generation.Furthermore,the capacity of detecting samples with different genotypes for different reagents was different,especially the capacity of domestic reagents on detecting HIV-1 O group and HIV-2 samples was relatively weak.Conclusion These data provided information to improve the quality of anti-HIV diagnostic reagents further.

Objective To establish HIV-1 seroconversion panels with the samples collected by National Institutes for Food and Drug Control ( NIFDC) and to evaluate the window periods of HIV enzyme immunoassay ( EIA) diagnostic kits used for blood screening with them. Methods Serum specimens were collected from different plasma donation stations in China. All suspected HIV infection specimens were screened for HIV by using the nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT), Western blot confirmatory assay and P24 quantitative detection assay. The HIV env gene sequences were amplified by RT-PCR for further confirmation of HIV infection. The PCR products were sequenced and genotyped. The confirmed seroconver-sion panels were used to evaluate the early detection capabilities of the 4th and 3rd generation HIV EIA diag-nostic kits used in blood screening in china. Results A total of 8 sets of HIV seroconversion panels com-prised of 36 samples were confirmed in this study, including 6 sets of AE subtype, 1 set of B subtype and 1 set of unknown genotype. Those seroconversion panels were tested with HIV diagnostic kits produced by 19 different manufacturers. For the early detection of HIV infection, the 4th generation HIV diagnostic kits with a score of 9. 4 points were better than the 3rd generation HIV diagnostic kits whose score was 3. 6 points (P<0. 01, t=8. 547). Some of the domestic 4th generation HIV diagnostic kits were similar to the imported kits in the early detection of HIV infection. In terms of the diagnosis of HIV infection, the HIV-1 NAT was at least 2 weeks earlier than the HIV EIA diagnostic kits. The sensitivity of confirmatory assay was lower than that of the diagnostic kits. Four out of five 4th generation HIV diagnostic kits showed declined signal to cut off ( S/CO ) ratio , indicating the probability of false detection during the second window period . Conclusion Eight sets of NIFDC HIV-1 seroconversion panels were established in this study. With those panels we found that there were differences in the window period between different EIA diagnostic kits used for HIV blood screening.

Objective To investigate how build a comprehensive basic theory training curriculum for residents.Methods Random questionnaire survey of residents,along with a forum of experts to explore an optimal basic theory training curriculum for residents.Results 71.9％ of the residents surveyed were satisfied with the basic theory training curriculum,14.9％ proposing training time be adjusted to evenings or weekends,and 8.8％ proposing to adjust the training content.Conclusion A diversified reform on the training content,training time,training teachers,management and teaching evaluation aspects.These will help building a comprehensive and practical,standardized and reasonable basic theory curriculum,in order to effectively improve the quality of residency training.

BACKGROUND: Embryonic pancreatic tissue is characterized by its abundance, potent in proliferation & differentiation, and minimal immunological rejection. It is widely considered as potential pancreatic endocrinological stem cells resource for treating diabetes mellitus.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the embryonic mouse pancreatic tissue isolation technique and observe the recipients' blood glucose regulatory effects of the grafted embryonic pancreas in an experimental diabetes mellitus mouse model.METHODS: Pancreatic tissue from C57B1/6 mouse embryos at embryonic days 11.5-16.5 was isolated under the stereomicroscope. C57BL/6 mouse models of streptozocin-induced diabetes mellitus were established and then randomly divided into two groups: transplantation group, in which, five pieces of pancreatic tissue of mice at embryonic 16.5 days were transplanted into mouse renal capsule, and sham-operated control group, in which, 0.05 mL RPMI1640 culture medium was injected into mouse renal capsule. When blood glucose level of the transplantation group mouse was≤ 11.2 mmol/L, the endocrine function of embryonic pancreatic tissue transplanted was detected by IPGTT and IPITT methods and then the transplanted graft was removed for observing the blood glucose relapse.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Nearly intact pancreatic tissue of mice at embryonic days 11.5-16.5 could be isolated through the use of stereomicroscope. Pancreatic tissue morphology and color of mice ≤ embryonic 12.5 days were difficultly distinguished from adjacent tissue and they could only be isolated carefully according to the relationship with adjacent organs. Pancreatic tissue of mice > embryonic 12.5 days exhibited initial endocrinological tissue morphology mimic white cauliflower. Histological and ELISA examinations showed that embryonic pancreatic tissue could express and secrete insulin and the insulin level was gradually increased with developmental time. Embryonic pancreatic tissue could grow beneath the recipient renal capsule. The insulin and glucagon expression in the post-transplantational pancreatic tissue graft was increased compared with prior to transplantation. These results suggest that pancreatic tissue is a potential stem cell resource for treating the diabetes mellitus.

Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune disease characterized by skin thickening and tightness.Digestive system is the most commonly damaged system secondary to skin,and as to unspecific clinical manifestations,this complication is often ignored in the early,the prognosis and quality of life of patients will be affected.This article overviews the recent research developments on pathology,clinical features,management of systemic sclerosis with digestive system involvement,to draw attention to early diagnosis and treatment of this condition for the improvement of the prognosis.

Objective To pan and characterize anti-HIV-1 Fab by the phage antibody library technology. Methods Total RNA were extracted from lymphocytes which were isolated from peripheral blood collected from asymptomatic HIV-1 infected donors with high titer antibody against HIV-1. The genes of heavy chains Fd fragment and light chains of antibody were amplified by RT-PCR. The phagmids pComb3X cloned Fd and light chain genes were transformed into E. coli XL1-Blue by electroporation to construct phage Fab library. By three runs of "absorption-elution-neutralization-enrichment", the clones were induced by IPTG and characterized by ELISA. The positive clones were sequenced and analyzed the sequences. Subsequently, Fab antibodies of these positive clones were induced to expressed and purified, then the recombinant virus neutralization assay was performed. Results A phage Fab library was constructed with 8×106 members, and 11 positive clones were obtained by detecting IPTG-induced-expressing Fabs with ELISA. By analysis of the sequences, 10 light chain genes and 8 Fd genes were ensured to be obtained. Compared with the genes of anti-HIV-1 antibodies in HIV sequence database, the gene sequences we obtained were highly homologous to some patent genes of anti-HIV-1 gp120 antibodies in HIV sequence database( light chains with 60%-90% identity, Fd with 71%-85% identity); The CDRs of these positive clones were determined by comparing the positive clone genes with antibodies' genes in V base database, furthermore, CDRH3 of these positive clones has the length of 12-22 aa. Strand shift had little effect to improving affinity of our Fab clones. Fab antibodies were induced to express at the concentration of ＞ 10 mg/L. Three Fab antibodies neutralize HIV-1 virus to some extent. Conclusion The studies will provide the basis on further study on the anti-HIV-1 Fabs obtained successfully.

BACKGROUND: Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a kind of factor that can mediate downstream action of transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF- β 1). The upregulation of connective tissue growth factor expression plays an important role in pathological changes of renal interstitial fibrosis.OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of Sodium Ferulate on the expression of CTGF mRNA and protein in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and pathological changes of renal interstitial fibrosis, and to compare with Losartan.DESIGN: Randomized and controlled animal trial.SETTING: Department of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, and College of Public Health, Sichuan University.MATERIALS: Twenty-four healthy adult male SD rats were selected from the Experimental Animal Center of Sichuan University. Sodium Ferulate was provided by Sichuan Hengda Pharmacy Co, Ltd (No. 050302); rabbit anti-rat CTGF by Santa Cruz; Western blotting by BioRAD, USA; DNA Engine OpticonTM real-time fluorescent quantitation PCR device by MJ Research, USA.METHODS: The experiment was performed at Research Laboratory of Clinical Medicine (grade BSL-1), College of Public Health, Sichuan University from May to December 2006. Twenty-four healthy rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=6): UUO model group, Sodium Ferulate group, Losartan group, and sham-operation group. According to the previous protocol, UUO models were established in UUO model group, Sodium Ferulate group, and Losartan group, and the other rats were subjected to sham operation. From the first day after UUO, Sodium Ferulate group was intragastrically (i.g.)administrated with 150 mg/kg/d Sodium Ferulate; Losartan group was administrated ig. with 20 mg/kg/d. Losartan; UUO and sham operation groups were administrated i.g. with matching normal saline. All rats were executed 14 days after UUO to harvest partial renal tissues. All experimental procedure was accorded with animal ethical standards.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The mRNA and protein expressions of CTGF were quantified by real-time PCR and Western blot. The pathological changes of renal interstitial tissues were observed by hematoxylin/eosin (HE) and Masson staining.RESULTS: Twenty-four rats were included in final analysis. Fourteen days after UUO, CTGF mRNA and protein expressions in UUO model group were significantly increased compared with sham operation group, but the expressions in Sodium Ferulate group were significantly lower than model group (P < 0.05). Compared with Losartan treated group, there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). HE and Masson staining showed inflammatory cell infiltration and tubular and interstitial changes as well as collagen deposition in renal interstitial tissues on day 14 after UUO. Sodium Ferulate obviously improved the renal pathological changes in UUO rats (P < 0.05), and the effect was similar to Losartan (P > 0.05).CONCLUSION: Sodium Ferulate inhibits UUO-induced renal interstitial fibrosis. This action, similar to the effect of Losartan, might be due to downregulation of CTGF expression.