Cestode Infections ; parasitology ; Humans ; Infant ; Male

OBJECTIVETo investigate the age, gender and region specified milk consumption and its changing trends of Chinese 18 - 44 years old adults in 9 provinces (autonomous region) from 1991 to 2006.

METHODSThe data of 18 - 44 aged old adults investigated in Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey from 1991 to 2006 in 9 provinces (autonomous region) were utilized. The numbers of the subjects selected in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006 were 5593, 5491, 5334, 4188 and 3908, respectively. Changes of the percentage of milk consumption, average intake of daily milk and dietary calcium intake were analyzed across different groups of gender, income levels, and areas.

RESULTSThere was an increasing trend in the percentage of milk consumption and daily intake of milk from 1991 to 2006. The average percentage of Chinese adult milk consumption went up from 2.2% (123/5593) in 1991 to 7.6% (297/3908) in 2006 (Z = -22.16, P < 0.01). Specifically, urban adult and rural adult showed significant increase in the percentages from 9.7% (80/823) to 23.7% (112/472) (Z = -12.81, P < 0.01) and 0.1% (2/2937) to 1.8% (36/1987) (Z = -9.21, P < 0.01) respectively. Percentages of adult who ever drank milk at top income level and bottom income level increased from 4.7% (95/2006) to 14.6% (200/1373) (Z = -17.36, P < 0.01) and from 0.1% (2/1748) to 2.4% (28/1171) (Z = -9.58, P < 0.01), respectively. Meanwhile, the average daily intake of milk increased from (3.6 ± 24.6) g/d in 1991 to (11.8 ± 51.4) g/d in 2006 (F = 67.07, P < 0.01). The daily milk consumption among top income level adults and bottom income level adults increased from (8.5 ± 50.9) g/d to (23.1 ± 71.5) g/d and from (0.2 ± 6.5) g/d to (3.3 ± 23.5) g/d (F = 13.90, P < 0.01), respectively. From 1991 to 2006, milk consumers significantly promoted their percentage of achieving the Chinese dietary reference intake on calcium (800 mg/d) from 6.5% (8/123) to 12.8% (38/297) (Z = -1.67, P < 0.05), whereas this percentage increased from 1.6% (38/5470) to 3.6% (130/3611) among milk non-consumers (Z = -5.66, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONChinese adult milk intake still remains in quite low level, and the situation of milk consumption among rural adults requires further promotion.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Calcium, Dietary ; analysis ; China ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Milk ; Nutrition Surveys ; Rural Population ; Suburban Population ; Urban Population ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo explore the status and trend of cereal consumption among Chinese adults aged 18 to 59 years in nine provinces (municipality) from 1989 to 2006.

METHODSThe survey data were collected by consecutive 3 d 24 h dietary recall method in 1989, 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006 China Health and Nutrition Survey Project. The subjects aged 18-59 years with complete information on dietary survey were included. The sample number of the subjects were 5978, 7566, 7492, 7738, 8439, 7484 and 7157 in the 7 round surveys from 1989 to 2006, respectively. The trends of their cereal consuming rate and daily intake were analyzed by year, gender, age and regions.

RESULTSThe cereal intake of 18 - 59 years old Chinese adults in 9 provinces (municipality) decreased from 522.3 g/d in 1989 to 431.9 g/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 2421.76, P < 0.01). The cereal intake of males decreased from 545.6 g/d in 1989 to 471.6 g/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 861.21, P < 0.01) and females decreased from 500.3 g/d in 1989 to 395.5 g/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 1844.13, P < 0.01). Compared with 1989, the average cereal consumption were reduced to 104.8, 134.4, 103.3 and 98.2 g in the suburban, female, 18 to 29 years old age group and level of education for college and above separately in 2006. The rice consuming rate among 18 - 59 year-old residents increased from 79.9% (4776/5978) in 1989 to 87.3% (6248/7157) (Z = 18.45, P < 0.01) in 2006, the wheat consuming rate increased from 63.3% (3784/5978) in 1989 to 80.2% (5740/7157) (Z = 27.28, P < 0.01) in 2006.

CONCLUSIONThe present study indicated that there was a decreasing trend of cereal intake among Chinese adults aged 18 - 59 years in 9 provinces (municipality). In the stratified groups, cereal intake in groups of female, suburb, aged 18 - 59 years and higher educational level decreased significantly.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Edible Grain ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo analyze the incidence of low birth weight and identify the influencing factors in China in 2006.

METHODSThe national survey was performed by stratified random cluster sampling method in 43 cities and counties in 14 provinces. The subjects were all live neonates during May to October in 2006. Their body weight was measured according to the standardization conducted by the national research team, while the information of all infants was investigated by questionnaires. Non-conditional logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors.

RESULTSAmong 18 554 infants investigated, the incidence of low birth weight was 4.6% in 2006 in China, being 3.2%, 4.4%, and 6.3% in eastern middle and western areas respectively. The incidence of low birth weight were 3.9% in urban and 4.8% in rural. The results of logistic regression analysis suggested that maternal education (OR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.181 approximately 1.861), body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy (OR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.229 - 1.876), body weight gain in gestation period (OR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.246 - 1.965), gestational weeks (OR = 20.16; 95% CI: 15.456 - 26.297), multiple birth (OR = 12.11; 95% CI: 9.229 - 15.893), gestation syndrome, and nutrition instruction (OR = 0.66; 95% CI: 0.550 - 0.798) were associated with low birth weight significantly.

CONCLUSIONThe main factors resulting in low birth weight in neonates are maternal education, BMI before pregnancy, body weight gain in gestation period, pregnancy age, multiple birth, gestation syndrome, and nutrition instruction.

Body Mass Index ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant Mortality ; Infant, Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Mothers ; Pregnancy ; Risk Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Objective To analyze the status of anemia among children under 5 years of age in the economically less developed rural areas from 6 western provinces of China in 2009. Methods 8141 study subjects were from the program-‘Study on Appropriate Technology of Children Under-nutrition Improvement in Poor Rural Areas'. Results In 2009, the prevalence of anemia among children under 5 years of age in the above said rural areas from 6 western provinces was 24.1％. The prevalence of anemia among male children was much higher than that among female children. The peak of anemia prevalence( 38.5％ ) was among children of 6-11 months. The prevalence of anemia decreased along with the increase of age. Conclusion Results from the study demonstrated that anemia among the preschool children was a public health problem in poor rural areas of western China, Improving the knowledge on reasonable feeding seemed a better way for the prevention and control of anemia plus providing complementary nutrients sprinkle to the affected children.

Objective To analyze the status of vitamin A deficiency among children under 5 years old in poor rural areas of 6 Western Chinese provinces in 2009.Methods The study subjects involved 2091 children from a program-'Appropriate measurements in improving children under-nutrition in poor rural areas'.Results In 2009,prevalence of vitamin A deficiency among children under 5 years old from the poor rural areas of 6 western Chinese provinces was 20.2％,with boys as 20.6％ and girls as 19.7％.Prevalence rates of vitamin A deficiency among children under 5 years old in the highest and lowest areas were seen in Gansu(25.5％)and Guangxi(12.2％)provinces,respectively.The peak of vitamin A deficiency prevalence fell in the 6-11 months age group.The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency declined along with the increase of age.Conclusion Results from this study demonstrated that vitamin A deficiency among children under 5 years old appeared to be a serious public health problem in the poor rural areas of 6 Western Chinese provinces.Education on reasonable ways of feeding and provision of complementary nutrients to children with vitamin A deficiency,should be the key points in the prevention and control programs on this problem.

OBJECTIVETo analyze the trends of food consumption among Chinese residents aged from 18 to 59 years old in 9 provinces (autonomous region) from 1989 to 2006.

METHODSThe paper was based on data collected in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006 China Health and Nutrition Survey of Chinese residents of 24 h in three consecutive day dietary recall data. The healthy residents aged 18 - 59 years with twenty-four-hour dietary recall data were selected as study subjects. The sample sizes of these seven surveys were 5766, 7296, 7019, 7599, 8143, 7168 and 6827, respectively. The trends of their food consumption in each year were analyzed through Kruskal-wallis method.

RESULTSThe intake of cereals decreased significantly from (528.5 ± 192.9) g/d in 1989 to (427.7 ± 173.8) g/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 2833.13, P < 0.01). The minor variation of soybean food intake was observed. The average intake was (22.3 ± 39.4) g/d in 1989 and (18.9 ± 30.5) g/d in 2006 which was still at a low level. The trend of vegetables intake showed a small decrease. It was (374.5 ± 205.9) g/d in males and (346.4 ± 187.6) g/d in females in 2006, respectively. Both quantity and rate of fruits consumption showed an increase trend. Its consumption rate reached at 22.5% (741/3296) in males and 27.7% (1004/3619) in females in 2006, respectively. The average intake increased from (122.4 ± 126.9) g/d in 1989 to (228.5 ± 267.3) g/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 539.66, P < 0.01). At the same time, the daily intake of meat and egg showed a large increase, the average meat intake increased from (97.0 ± 111.5) g/d in males and (80.2 ± 97.0) g/d in females in 1989 to (141.5 ± 125.2) g/d in males and (118.4 ± 111.8) g/d in females in 2006, respectively. The oil consumption showed a significant increase. The average intake increased from (30.4 ± 37.9) g/d in 1989 to (42.8 ± 32.3) g/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 1646.94, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSThere have been noticeable changes in the Chinese dietary pattern in the past 17 years. Some changes would be helpful for nutritional improvement in Chinese people, but it also caused some adverse effects on health because of improper food consumption.

Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; Diet ; statistics & numerical data ; trends ; Dietary Fats ; Energy Intake ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Meat ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo analyze the status and trend of dietary fiber intake and its food sources among Chinese residents aged 18 - 45 years old in 9 provinces (autonomous region), from 1989 to 2006.

METHODSTwenty-four-hour dietary recall data of three consecutive days from China Health and Nutrition Survey (1989, 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006) were used. And the 18 - 45 years old subjects with complete information on dietary survey were included. The sample size of these 7 surveys were 5597, 5596, 5323, 5485, 5308, 4144 and 3889, respectively. The trends of dietary fiber intake and food sources by time and sex were studied.

RESULTSFrom 1989 to 2000, the total of daily dietary fiber intake of 18 - 45 years old healthy residents decreased from 15.1 g/d to 11.6 g/d, insoluble dietary fiber intake decreased from 22.6 g/d to 17.8 g/d. In villages, from 1989 to 2000, the insoluble dietary fiber intake decreased 5.1 g/d in males and 5.2 g/d in females(13.2, 11.8 g in 2000, respectively;18.3, 17.0 g in 1989, respectively). In 2006, the insoluble dietary intake was 12.6 g/d in males and 11.2 g/d in females in villages. In cities, from 1989 to 2006, the insoluble dietary fiber intake was 9.4 - 11.8 g/d in males and 8.3 - 10.8 g/d in females. The total dietary fiber intake was 15.7 - 17.6 g/d in males and 13.5 - 16.4 g/d in females. The difference of insoluble and total dietary fiber intake between city and village was decreasing. In 2006, 70.6% (8.4/11.9) insoluble dietary fiber came from vegetables ((4.1 ± 3.1) g/d), wheat flour and its products ((2.6 ± 3.6) g/d), rice and its products ((1.7 ± 1.3) g/d).

CONCLUSIONDietary fiber intake among Chinese aged 18 - 45 in 9 provinces (autonomous region) decreased from 1989 to 2006. Vegetables, wheat flour, rice and their products were the major food sources of insoluble dietary fiber.

Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; Dietary Fiber ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys ; Young Adult

Objective To investigate the impact of prescribed adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction V (Pre-ASiR-V) on imaging quality and radiation dosage of pure ground glass nodules (pGGN) in chest phantom,in order to obtain the optimal level of Pre-ASiR-V.Methods CT scanning for a chest phantom containing 4 artificial pGGNs was performed with Revolution CT,and the Pre-ASiR-V level was set as 0,20％,40％,60％,80％ and 100％ group,respectively.The mean noise,effective dose (ED) and the subjective scores of pGGN imaging were recorded and compared.Results The mean noise of groups (Pre-ASiR-V 0,20％,40％,60％,80％ and 100％) was (17.93±2.20)HU,(17.30±3.68)HU,(18.20± 3.44)HU,(18.80±0.20)HU,(19.87±2.56)HU and (15.90±4.56)HU,respectively (F=0.568,P=0.723).ED of these groups was 7.40 mSv,5.16 mSv,3.36 mSv,1.97 mSv,0.97 mSv and 0.33 mSv,respectively.Compared with imaging of PreASiR-V 0,the reduction percentage of ED was 30.27％,54.59％,73.38％,86.89％ and 95.54％,respectively.The subjective score of the image quality evaluated by the 2 observers had high agreement (Kappa=0.778,P=0.003),and all the scores were greater than 3.The subjective score of Pre-ASiR-V 80％ and 100％ group was slightly lower than those in other groups.Conclusion Different Pre-ASiR-V level slightly impacts the noise of high-resolution CT images of chest phantom,while reduces radiation dosage significantly.Pre-ASiR-V level of 60％ is the optimal protocol.

Objective To investigate the perception and willingness of patients on individualized medication of voriconazole,to discuss the factors influencing patients' decision-making,and to support the development of the practice guideline for individualized medication of voriconazole.Methods A cross-sectional study involving various types of patients in 9 hospitals was conducted by questionnaire to evaluate the perception and willingness on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of voriconazole and CYP2C19 genotype testing.Results A total of 119 patients were involved,including 24 (20.17％) children.Ninety five (79.83 ％) patients thought voriconazole TDM was necessary during the treatment of fungal infections.There was a significant difference on preference towards voriconazole TDM between patients who had received voriconazole TDM,before and patients who had never taken voriconazole TDM (100％ vs 75.76％,P ＜ 0.05).Fifty four patients (45.38％) agreed on CYP2C19 gene test.For this question,there was a significant difference among patients with different types of medicare (P ＜ 0.05).The ranking of factors that contributed to the 2 decision-making was consistent (P ＜0.05).The clinical efficacy was the most important factor (mean rank 3.46 and 3.87,respectively),while cost (mean rank 1.89) and potential benefit (mean rank 2) was the least important factor for the 2 decision-making,respectively.Conclusion There was a significant variance among different types of patients on preferences towards voriconazole TDM and CYP2C19 genotype testing,which should be considered for clinicians to make clinical decisions.The perception and willingness of patients should also be considered during the development of clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice.