OBJECTIVETo investigate the risk factors for malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia.

METHODSA total of 409 cases with oral leukoplakia was retrospectively analyzed. Single factor test was first performed to examine the associations between oral leukoplakia's histopathological classification and each of risk factors including sex, age, systemic diseases, course of disease, clinical classification, site, size, numbers of lesion, alcohol and tobacco consumption, and symptom. Then the association of these selected factors with oral leukoplakia's histopathological classification was evaluated using multiple logistic regression analysis.

RESULTSFifty-two cases of all 409 patients with oral leukoplakia (including 9 severe dysplasia) developed oral cancer. The ratio of malignant transformation was 12.7%. Sex, age, clinical type, site and symptom were chosen as risk factors incorporated into the multiple logistic regression models. The risk of mild-moderate dysplasia in female was 2.40 times as high as that in male. The risk of mild-moderate dysplasia of speckled leukoplakia was 2.81 times as high as that of homogeneous leukoplakia. The risk of mild-moderate dysplasia of dangerous site was 1. 98 times as high as that non-dangerous site. The risk of mild-moderate dysplasia with symptom was 1.84 times as high as that without symptom. The risk of severe dysplasia and oral cancer in female was 3.11 times as high as that in male. The risk of severe dysplasia and oral cancer of speckled (4.50 times), ulcerative (5.63 times), verrucous leukoplakia (4.09 times) were much higher than that of homogeneous leukoplakia. The risk of severe dysplasia and oral cancer in dangerous site was 2.79 times as high as in non-dangerous site. The risk of severe dysplasia and oral cancer in leukoplakia with symptom was 4.38 times as high as without symptom.

CONCLUSIONSThe malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia is correlated to sex, clinical type, site and symptom.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Humans ; Leukoplakia, Oral ; etiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mouth Neoplasms ; etiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult

This study was purposed to investigate the proliferation and antitumor activity of rhG-CSF-mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells (G-PBMNCs) activated by interleukin 21 (IL-21) alone or in combination with interleukin 15 (IL-15)/interleukin 2 (IL-2) and to evaluate the feasibility and value of tumor immunotherapy with cytokine combinations. G-PBMNCs were activated by IL-21 alone or in combination with IL-15/IL-2 in vitro, and the proliferation of the activated G-PBMNCs was analyzed by CCK-8 assay. The cytotoxicity of the activated G-PBMNC to the K562 cells was studied by the test principle which is based on target cell labeling with 5-(6)-carboxy-fluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) and subsequent DNA-labeling with propidium iodide (PI) for identification of target cells with compromised cell membranes. The phenotypes of the activated G-PBMNCs were assayed by flow cytometry. The results showed that the cytotoxicity of IL-21 group had no difference from which of IL-2 group. When G-PBMNCs were exposed to the combinations of IL21+IL15/IL21+IL15+IL2, the cytotoxicity was significantly enhanced at E:T ratio of 25:1, as compared with combination of IL21+IL2 (p<0.05). The cytotoxicity of the cytokines combinations was significantly higher than that in cytokine used alone at E:T ratio of 50:1 (p<0.05). The cryopreservative and resuscitative G-PBMNCs showed the same result with the fresh G-PBMNCs in cytotoxicity test. The proportions of CD3+ and CD8+ T cells were increased when G-PBMNCs were incubated with cytokines for 72 hours. CD4, CD3-56+ and CD3+56+ counts were significantly elevated when G-PBMNCs were exposed to IL21 + IL15 (p<0.05). It is concluded that IL-21 alone enhance the antitumor activity of G-PBMNCs, which further strengthens when IL-21 combinated with IL-15.
Cell Proliferation ; Cells, Cultured ; Drug Synergism ; Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor ; pharmacology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization ; methods ; Humans ; Interleukin-15 ; pharmacology ; Interleukin-2 ; pharmacology ; Interleukins ; pharmacology ; K562 Cells ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear ; cytology ; immunology ; Recombinant Proteins

OBJECTIVETo investigate the correlation between fetal chromosomal abnormalities and the characteristic features of prenatal ultrasound findings.

METHODSA total of 510 cases were underwent chromosome examination by amniotic fluid or cord blood analysis to identify fetal chromosomal abnormalities. The correlation between the abnormalities and the characteristics of the prenatal ultrasound findings was analyzed.

RESULTSFifty-three cases of abnormal karyotypes were detected with a positivity rate of 10.2%. Of these cases, 32 cases had chromosome number abnormalities, including 15 with 21-trisomy, 11 with 18-trisomy, 2 with 13-trisomy, 2 with 45, XO monomer and 2 with 92, XXXX tetraploid. Chromosome structural abnormalities were found in 21 cases, including 4 with translocation, 3 with insertion, 6 with inversion, 4 with deletion and 4 with derivation. Prenatal ultrasound showed obvious structural abnormalities in 22 cases (41.5%), structural malformation with ultrasonographic soft markers in 18 cases (34.0%), and separate ultrasonographic soft markers in 8 cases (15.1%).

CONCLUSIONPrenatal ultrasound fetal abnormalities and chromosome abnormalities are closely related. Prenatal ultrasound of fetal chromosomal abnormalities usually presents with a variety of significant structural abnormalities. A greater number of malformations is associated with a greater risk of chromosomal abnormalities and increased occurrence of ultrasonographic soft markers.

Adult ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18 ; Down Syndrome ; diagnosis ; Female ; Fetal Diseases ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Trisomy ; diagnosis ; Ultrasonography, Prenatal ; methods

OBJECTIVETo establish and evaluate a molecular diagnostic method for routine monitoring of four types of diarrheagenic Escherichia (E.) coli (DEC)and to study the distribution of four types of DEC isolated from diarrheal patients in Shanghai.

METHODSDEC-PCR standard operation procedure(SOP)had been developed for DEC detection and isolation, using the Statens Serum Institute (SSI) DEC PCR kits with multiplex PCR technique after verification tests on reference strains. Diarrhea specimens from 3 clinical hospitals in Shanghai were tested from June to September, 2012.

RESULTSSpecificity of the PCR kit was 100% by verification on the 26 DEC reference strains. A total number of 218 DEC isolates, including 181 fermented lactose and 37 unfermented lactose were identified from the 1887 stool specimens of diarrhea patients, with positive rate as 11.6%. The most common pathogen(54.1%, 118/218)was enteropathogenic E. coli(EPEC), followed by enterotoxigenic E. coli(ETEC, 41.3%, 90/218), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC, 4.1%, 9/ 218) and Shigatoxin-producing E. coli(STEC, 0.5%, 1/218)in addition to 18 Shigella isolates. ETEC dominated in diarrhea patients with foreign residency, as well as 1/3 were perinatal stage of neonatal ETEC of all diarrhea cases under the age of 5, while EPEC dominated in the Chinese diarrhea patients especially among young kids under the age of 2.

CONCLUSIONData was reliable after assessment on this molecular diagnostics and seperation procedures used for the routine monitoring on four types of DEC, while the diagnosis and reference ability of DEC regarding the laboratories net-working on food-borne pathogens need to be built up and improved.

Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Diarrhea ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; microbiology ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Escherichia coli Infections ; diagnosis ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pathology, Molecular ; Sentinel Surveillance

This study was aimed to explore whether multiple common gene mutations of leukemia synergistically involved in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) pathogenesis, and to investigate their relevance to clinical features, cytogenetics and molecular risk stratification. 84 specimens of admitted de novo APL patients from February 2005 to October 2010 were collected, the gene mutations of bone marrow mononuclear cells and clinical features of mutation-positive patients were analyzed by genomic DNA-PCR. The results indicated that the prevalence of mutations was 60.7% (51/84), in which the mutations with the highest incidence were found as FLT3-ITD, reaching 27.4% (23/84). Next, there were 12 cases WT1 mutation, 9 for FLT3-TKD, 7 for TET2, 5 for N-RAS, 4 for ASXL1, 2 for EZH2 mutation and 1 positive case in MLL-PTD, IDH1 and CBL mutation respectively. No mutation was found in other JAK1, DNMT3, c-Kit, NPM1, IDH2, RUNX1 and JAK2 (V617F) common leukemia-related genes. Combined analysis with clinical data demonstrated that the patients with FLT3-ITD mutation displayed higher white blood cell counts, while the patients with N-RAS mutation showed lower platelet counts. Overall survival of these patients was obviously shorten as compared with patients with wild-type. This difference between mutant and wild-type of all above mentioned cases was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The difference between APL with simple t (15;17) and additional abnormal karyotype was not statistically significant. It is concluded that the FLT3-ITD mutation is recurrent genetic change in APL, and together with N-RAS mutation indicates poor prognosis. Additional abnormal karyotype does not associate with prognosis of APL.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; DNA Mutational Analysis ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; genetics ; Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 Protein ; Female ; Genes, ras ; Humans ; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute ; genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins ; genetics ; Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 ; genetics ; Prognosis ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; genetics ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit ; genetics ; Repressor Proteins ; genetics ; Tandem Repeat Sequences ; Young Adult ; fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3 ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo study the preventive effect of recombinant human interferon alpha-2b for nasal spray against SARS and other common respiratory viral infections by serum-epidemiological method.

METHODSA randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind field trial study in populations with 14,391 persons from SARS prevalent cities or provinces in China during May-Jun, 2003 and Dec-Apr, 2004. Interferon alpha-2b was given twice per day, once 9 x 10(5) IU by nasal spray for 5 days. Serum samples were taken at 15 days after last administration. Serological tests included SARS IgG antibody and IgM antibodies against influenza B, parainfluenza virus types 1-3, adenovirus type 3, 7 and respiratory syncytial virus by using commercial ELISA kits.

RESULTSNo statistically significant difference in serum SARS IgG antibody positive rate was found between the interferon and control groups among 2,757 serum samples. On the other hand, after using interferon, all four respiratory viruses (parainfluenza virus types 1-3 influenza B, adenovirus types 3, 7 and respiratory syncytial virus) in interferon group had lower IgM antibody positive rates than those in control group. Among them there were statistically significant differences between the interferon and control groups for parainfluenza virus, influenza B and adenovirus. The preventive efficacy of interferon against four respiratory viruses was different, from high to low, the rank was Flu B (66.76%), parainfluenza types 1-3 (66.75%), RSV (39.61%) and adenovirus (32.86%). The average preventive efficacy was 50.27%.

CONCLUSIONThe recombinant human interferon alpha-2b for nasal spray could decrease the rates of common respiratory viruses infection in the selected population.

Administration, Intranasal ; Adult ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Antiviral Agents ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Double-Blind Method ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; blood ; Immunoglobulin M ; blood ; Interferon-alpha ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Recombinant Proteins ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; blood ; prevention & control ; virology ; SARS Virus ; drug effects ; immunology ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ; blood ; chemically induced ; prevention & control ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the safety of recombinant human interferon alpha-2b for nasal spray for the prevention of SARS and other upper respiratory viral infections.

METHODSField epidemiologic evaluation was conducted, the design was randomized and had a synchronously parallel control group. In the study, the drugs were given for five days and all subjects were followed up for ten days.

RESULTSDuring the period of using interferon, body temperature of the experimental group was normal compared to the control group. Experimental group had more influenza-like symptoms than the control group (P < 0.05), such as headache (4.83%-7.09%), dizziness (7.17%-11.63%), lassitude (8.55%-15.06%), muscular soreness (4.43%-7.09%), pharynx dryness (12.10%-17.85%), angina (6.25%-8.72%), abdominal pain (2.30%-5.50%) and diarrhea (2.45%-5.66%). Most of side effects reached their peak with in the first 3 days. Except for pharynx dryness, the incidences of all other side effects declined after completion of the use of the trial drug, and incidences of some symptoms in experimental group were lower than those of the control group. There were no significant differences in the symptoms of cough and expectoration between the experimental group and the control group. The incidence of exanthem in the control group was significantly higher than that in the experimental group. The side effect of bloody nasal mucus was not observed in experimental group, which had been reported by other authors in several volunteer studies.

CONCLUSIONUsing recombinant human interferon alpha-2b for nasal spray could lead to some influenza-like symptoms, however, all those symptoms were mild , reversible, and relieved after completion of the use of the trial drug. No serious side effects were found during the period of following up. The authors conclude that the drug is safe.

Abdominal Pain ; chemically induced ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Antiviral Agents ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Dizziness ; chemically induced ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Headache ; chemically induced ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Recombinant Proteins ; SARS Virus ; drug effects ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ; prevention & control ; virology ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

Two sample pretreatment methods of pesticide residues in Panax notoginseng of Chinese traditional medicine were developed. For Method I, the residues were extracted from homogenized tissue with n-hexane-dichloromethane (6:4) by means of ultrasonication, the crude extract was purified by an Envi-carb/NH2 solid-phase extraction (SPE) column. For Method II, matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) technique was used for extracting and cleaning up. The eluates were concentrated by rotary evaporation, and then were redissolved in dichloromethane prior to GC-MS determination. The determination was performed in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode with the external calibration for quantitative analysis. Under the optimal conditions, the results indicated that the methods are easier and faster, the recoveries of method I for the spiked standards at concentration of 0.01, 0.5, and 2.0 mg x kg(-1) were 81.90%-102.10% with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 3.60%-7.10%. The recoveries of method II were 96.26%-104.20% with the RSDs of 3.52%-7.94%. The detection limits (S/N) for residues of pesticides were in the range of 0.48-1.34 ng x g(-1). The results indicated that these multiresidue analysis methods can meet the requirements for determination of residue pesticides and can be appropriate for trace analysis of residue pesticides in Panax notoginseng.
Analytic Sample Preparation Methods ; methods ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Hexanes ; chemistry ; Methylene Chloride ; chemistry ; Panax notoginseng ; chemistry ; Pesticide Residues ; analysis ; Solid Phase Extraction ; Solvents

Objective To investigate the relationship between the levels of plasma adrenaline and norepinephrine and gene polymorphism of β1 adrenergic receptor G1165C in children with enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection in hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Methods The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect the expression of gene polymorphism of β1 adrenergic receptor G1165C in vitro. The levels of plasma adrenaline and norepinephrine were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results The plasma norepinephrine level of severe group was significantly higher than the mild group in children with EV71 infection in HFMD (P < 0.05); however, the levels of plasma adrenaline in two groups had no statistical differences (P > 0.05); There was no significant difference in the distribution of β1 adrenergic receptor G1165C genotype and allele between EV71 infection group and healthy control group (P > 0.05). Further analysis of EV71 infection group by dividing it into mild and severe groups showed that there was no significant difference in the distribution of genotype and allele between these two groups as well (P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine in different genotypes of EV71 infection group (P > 0.05), and in the levels of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine in the mild and severe groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions As the disease gets worse, the plasma norepinephrine level has a rising trend in children with EV71 infection in HFMD, which is an important indicator to evaluate the progress of the disease. However, the gene polymorphism of β1 adrenergic receptor G1165C have no significant correlation, not only with the susceptibility and severity of EV71 infection in hand, foot and mouth disease, but also with the levels of catecholamine.

Objective: To study the correlation between the content changes of main medicinal ingredients and the color values of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma during storage based on the principle of chromaticity analysis,and to provide reference for studying on the mechanism of discoloration and improving the quality evaluation of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma. Method: Simulated accelerated test was adopted in this study, where Rhei Radix et Rhizoma was stored under high temperature(40±5)℃,high humidity RH(92.5±5)%and strong light(4 000±500)Lx conditions to accelerate its discoloration. For the samples taken at different time points,the color value was determined by spectrophotometer and the total contents of anthraquinone and free anthraquinones,sennoside A,B,catechin and gallic acid were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The correlation between the effective components and the color value of rhubarb was analyzed by SPSS software. Result: During the storage process,it was observed by the eye that the color of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma was significantly darker and darker in the simulated acceleration test. According to the analysis of the chromaticity value results,the changes of chromaticity values L^*and E^*ab of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma were significantly negatively correlated with free strontium content(P<0.05),and significantly positively correlated with catechin content(P<0.05),but there was no correlation with total anthraquinones and sennoside A. The chromaticity value a^* was significantly negatively correlated with gallic acid(P<0.05) and significantly positively correlated with sennoside B(P<0.05). Conclusion: There is a certain correlation between the change of color value and the content of six medicinal ingredients during Rhei Radix et Rhizoma storage.