Objectiive:The present study was designed to explore whether overexpression of human wild ?-synuclein in rat brain caused selective dopaminergic neuron loss in substantia nigra and aimed to find out a new method to make a rat model of Parkinson's disease(PD).Methods:The human wild ?-synuclein gene was induced into the rat brain by Adeno-Associated Virus(AAV) vector.The overexpression of ?-synuclein was detected by realtime PCR.The behavior of rats were recorded every 4 weeks after the viral particle injection.TH immunohistochemistry were performed at 4,8,12 and 16 weeks post-injection as well as the dopamine(DA),3,4-dihydroxypheny-lacetic acid(DOPAC) of striatum were determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical detection.Results:Realtime PCR results revealed a significant overexpression of ?-synuclein in the injected hemisphere.By 8 weeks post injection,a significant loss of the dopaminergic neurons was observed.34% of the dopaminergic neurons were lost after 12 weeks,and about 60% cells loss after 16 weeks.The DA and DOPAC levels in the striatum decreased about 15% 12 weeks after injecting viral particle carried ?-synuclein gene and 30% decreased after 16 weeks.The AAV-?-synuclein-treated rats developed a type of motor impairment,i.e.,head position bias,compatible with this magnitude of nigrostriatal damage.Conclusion:All the results showed that overexpression of human wild ?-synuclein caused selective dopaminergic neuron loss and mimic a symptom of human PD in rats.This may be a new methed to make rat PD model which can offer new opportunities for the study of pathogenetic mechanismsand exploration of new therapeutic targets of particular relevance to human PD.

Objective To study the time distribution of non-agriculture employed population spent in a working day in China, and to provide basic information for intervention strategies.Methods The data of 2002 China Nutrition and Health Survey were used. The information on daily activities including occupation,transportation,exercise,housework,sedentary activity and sleep was described.Results Non-agriculture employed population spent 8.41 h,0.58 h,0.09 h,3.11 h,1.40 h and 7.89 h on occupation, transportation,exercise,sedentary activity,housework and sleep,respectively.Administrator,technologist and clerks spent less time on occupation activity than service workers,production and transportation workers and others did,and they spent more time on sedentary activity.Male spent more time on occupation activity and less time on housework and sleep than female did.People in rural area spent more time on occupation activity than those in urban area,but less time On transportation and sedentary activity.Conclusion Differences in time use among different employed groups,gender and area were found,which should be considered when intervention measure is developed.

AIM:To look for a way of produ cing mild therapeutic hypothermia through regulating transient re-ceptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) pathway by dihydrocapsaicin (DHC).METHODS:Mice were subcutaneously injected with DHC at different doses (2 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg) in order to find the best dose for reaching the target temperature (32~34℃).20%DMSO dissolved in normal saline was used as control group .After a single subcutaneous injection of DHC at an optimal dose was given , awaken CD1 mice were continuously infused with DHC at dose of 1 mg? kg-1? h-1 for providing a more rapid and stable temperature drop and duration of therapeutic mild hypothermia.The adult mice (9~10 weeks) and aged mice (24~27 months) were subcutaneously injected with DHC at the same dose, and the changes of the body temperature were monitored .RESULTS:DHC at 2 mg/kg resulted in a de-crease in the core temperature within the target therapeutic range (32~34 °C).After a bolus dose (2 mg/kg) was deliv-ered at 0 min followed by continuous infusion (1 mg? kg-1? h-1 ) beginning at 30 min, a rapid drop of body temperature to 34 ℃was achieved and the body temperature was maintained within the ranges of 32 to 34℃for the duration of the 6 h continuous infusion .DHC-mediated hypothermia did not lose its effectiveness in the adult and aged models .CONCLU-SION:DHC-induced activation of TRPV1 pathway produces mild therapeutic hypothermia .Besides, this method achieves stronger and longer center hypothermia and is suitable for the animals at different ages .

ObjectiveTo study the effect of comprehensive treatment on lumbar interveretebral disc syndrome.Methods227 patients with lumbar interveretebral disc syndrome were randomized into two groups. Control group(127 patients) only accepted lumbar vertebra traction, while treatment group(100 patients) accepted comprehensive treatment, including lumbar vertebra traction, hot magnet, Maitland manipulation, and Mckeizie back muscles train. ResultsEffect of treatment group was obviously better than control group (P<0.05). Conclusions Comprehensive treatment on lumbar interveretebral disc syndrome can get better effect than simply traction.

Objective To evaluate the role of sclerostin in bone loss of postmenopausal Chinese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methods The postmenopausal patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus and age, body mass index, and duration of menopause matched healthy controls were enrolled into this cross-sectional study according to criteria of inclusion and exclusion. The serum sclerostin level and bone mineral density of the anterior-posterior lumbar spine (L1-L4), femoral neck, and total hip were determined by using a quantitative sandwich ELISA kit and dual X-ray absorptiometry, respectively. Meanwhile, the clinical and laboratory indexes of bone mineral metabolism were analyzed. Associations between serum sclerostin level and bone mineral density as well as bone turnover markers were evaluated by linear regression analysis.
Results Finally, 265 postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes and 225 non-diabetic women were recruited in the diabetic group and control group, respectively. Serum sclerostin level of the diabetic group was significantly higher than that of the control group (48.2±19.4 vs. 37.2±18.6 pmol/L, P<0.001) and was increased with age in both groups (diabetic group, r=0.374, P<0.001;control group, r=0.312, P<0.001). In type 2 diabetes patients, serum sclerostin concentration was positively correlated with hemoglobin A1c level (r=0.237; P=0.021). Biochemical bone turnover markers, intact parathyroid hormone and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, were negatively associated with serum sclerostin level (r=?0.138, P=0.078 and r=?0.265, P<0.001). Conversely, the positive correlation between sclerostin and C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen was found in diabetic patients (r=0.354, P<0.001). Serum sclerostin levels of the diabetic group were positively correlated with bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip (r=0.324, 0.367, and 0.416, respectively;all P<0.001).
Conclusions Sclerostin might participate in the pathogenesis of bone loss of type 2 diabetes. The high sclerostin level might serve as a marker of increased osteocyte activity in postmenopausal patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Objective To investigate the potential role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), a component of the innate immune system, in mediating lipid-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes.
Methods Adipocytes from Toll-like receptor 4 deficiency mice were used for stimulation experiments. The effect of oleate/palmitate mixture on nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation was analyzed by reporter plasmid assay. The release of proinflammatory chemokine/cytokines production was determined by using real-time PCR. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was measured by 2-deoxy-D-[3H] glucose uptake assay. Chemokine/cytokine expression and glucose uptake in adipocytes transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting NOD1 upon fatty acids treatment were analyzed.
Results Oleate/palmitate mixture activated the NF-κB pathway and induced interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA expressions in adipocytes from mice deficient in Toll-like receptor 4, and these effects were blocked by siRNA targeting NOD1. Furthermore, saturated fatty acids decreased the ability of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Importantly, siRNA targeting NOD1 partially reversed saturated fatty acid-induced suppression of insulin-induced glucose uptake.
Conclusion NOD1 might play an important role in saturated fatty acid-induced insulin resistance in adipocytes, suggesting a mechanism by which reduced NOD1 activity confers beneficial effects on insulin action.

Using NADPH-d histochemistry, the effect of NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 on the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord was investigated during inflammatory pain and hyperalgesia induced by injection of formalin into the right hind paw. The course of the change in the nitric oxide (NO) content of the lumber intumescence was observed by measuring the ratio of nitrate/nitrite (NO3/NO2) and also the end product of NO. The results showed that the NOS expression and NO contents significantly increased 24 h after formalin injection, which were substantially inhibited when MK-801 was intrathecally injected 15 min prior to formalin injection or 12 h after formalin injection. The results suggest that the increases in the expression of NOS and NO contents in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord are mediated by activation of NMDA receptors during pain and hyperalgesia after formalin injection.

OBJECTIVEEstablishing a subjective and objective method to conform the weighted coefficient in multicriteria optimization of the extraction technology about Chinese traditional compound drugs.

METHODThis article used analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to conform the weighted coefficient.

RESULTConsistency checking result (CR < 0.1) indicated that the weighted coefficient is reasonable and efficient.

CONCLUSIONAHP method is simple and of high accuracy. This method improved on the scientific and accuracy of multicriteria optimization of the extraction technology about Chinese traditional compound drugs.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of the adaptive cardio sequence prospective ECG-gated dual-source CT coronary angiography (CTCA).Methods Thirty one patients underwent prospective ECG-gated dual-source CTCA. The patients were divided into two groups: group A, heart rate ≤ 75 times / minutes, 70% of R-R interval was chose; group B, heart rate> 75 times / minutes, 40% of R-R interval was chose. Two experienced radiologists assessed the image quality of 15 segments of coronary arteries in a double blinded fashion in a four score scale. Student t test was used to compare the image quality between two groups. CT dose index(CTDIvol) and effective dose(ED) were also calculated for both groups. Results 437 segments of coronary arteries in 31 patients were included this analysis, 408 segments (93.4%) had assessable image quality, while 29 segments (6.6%) had non assessable image quality. Of 226 segments in group A, 12 segments (5.3%) had non assessable image quality; however, 17 segments (8.1%) of 211 segments in group B had non assessable image quality. The average score of image quality was 3.57±0.64 in 31 patients. There was no statistical difference for mean image quality of group A (3.65±0.39) and group B (3.41±0.43)( t=1.62,P=0.12 ) . There was a statistical difference for mean image quality for segment 10 on a per segment basis ( t = 3.8 ,P＜0.05). CTDIvol and ED were (18.88±5.04) mGy and (4.31±1.05) mSv, respectively.Conclusion Adaptive cardio sequence prospective ECG-gated dual source CT can acquire assessable image quality of coronary artery with lower radiation dose to the patients, which has the potential to be a routine CTCA technique.

The present study was to investigate whether Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated Akt/FoxO3a/Bim signaling pathway participated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced apoptosis in hippocampal neurons. The primarily cultured rat hippocampal neurons were treated with LPS, TLR4 antibody+LPS, and LY294002+LPS, respectively. Cell vitality was assayed by CCK-8. Expressions of p-Akt, Akt, p-FoxO3a, FoxO3a, Bim and active-Caspase-3 of each group were detected by Western blot analysis; the mRNA expression of Bim was detected by real-time quantitative PCR; FoxO3a nuclear translocation was detected by fluorescence microscope. The rate of cell apoptosis was assayed by flow cytometry. The results showed that cell vitality of hippocampal neurons decreased after being treated with LPS in a time-dependent way. Compared with the control group, the expressions of p-Akt and p-FoxO3a decreased significantly, FoxO3a translocated into the nucleus, meanwhile, the expression of Bim and active-Caspase-3, and the apoptotic ratio of hippocampal neurons increased in LPS treated neurons. Pretreatment with TLR4 antibody significantly blocked, while PI3K antagonist LY294002 further strengthened these changes induced by LPS. In conclusion, the present study suggests that Akt/FoxO3a/Bim signaling pathways mediated by TLR4 participate in the apoptotic processes of primarily cultured hippocampal neurons treated with LPS, and the activation of TLR4 causes neuronal apoptosis.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; metabolism ; Bcl-2-Like Protein 11 ; Caspase 3 ; metabolism ; Chromones ; pharmacology ; Forkhead Box Protein O3 ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; metabolism ; Hippocampus ; cytology ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Membrane Proteins ; metabolism ; Morpholines ; pharmacology ; Neurons ; cytology ; metabolism ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; metabolism ; Rats ; Signal Transduction ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; metabolism