Objective To study the time distribution of non-agriculture employed population spent in a working day in China, and to provide basic information for intervention strategies.Methods The data of 2002 China Nutrition and Health Survey were used. The information on daily activities including occupation,transportation,exercise,housework,sedentary activity and sleep was described.Results Non-agriculture employed population spent 8.41 h,0.58 h,0.09 h,3.11 h,1.40 h and 7.89 h on occupation, transportation,exercise,sedentary activity,housework and sleep,respectively.Administrator,technologist and clerks spent less time on occupation activity than service workers,production and transportation workers and others did,and they spent more time on sedentary activity.Male spent more time on occupation activity and less time on housework and sleep than female did.People in rural area spent more time on occupation activity than those in urban area,but less time On transportation and sedentary activity.Conclusion Differences in time use among different employed groups,gender and area were found,which should be considered when intervention measure is developed.

The role of interleukin-17 (IL-17) in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) was investigated. A mouse model of experimental autoimmune hepatitis was established, and the syngeneic S-100 antigen emulsified in complete Freud's adjuvant was injected intraperitoneally into adult male C57BL/6 mice. The IL-17 expression in serum and the livers of the mice models was detected by using ELISA and immunohistochemistry, respectively. IL-17 neutralizing antibody was used to study the biological effect of IL-17 in the experimental AIH. IL-17 neutralizing antibody in vivo administration alleviated the hepatic inflammation and ALT level in the AIH model. IL-17 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of AIH patients was measured by using real-time PCR method. The results showed that IL-17 level was significantly up-regulated in AIH patients and mice models. It was concluded that IL-17 contributed to the development of AIH and might be a potential therapeutic target of AIH.

The authors explained the process of organizing and implementing of the designed experiments.The designed experi- ments can improve students' creative thinking ability and activate students'initiative and meanwhile,it can improve teachers' level and contribute to making progress in teaching and studying although there are still some problems to solve.

Objective To study the effect of chest wall vibration therapy on bronchiolitis. Methods A total of 64 patients with bronchiolitis were divided into an experimental group and a control group, the former included 34 cases and the latter included 30 cases. The experimental group received both routine treatment and chest wall vi- bration, while the control group only received routine treatment. PaO_2, PaCO_2, SaO_2, Heart Rate (HR) and Respi- ration (R) were observed, respectively, in the experimental group and the control group at the beginning and the end of the third day. Time needed for expectoration and length of hospital stay in the two groups were observed. Results It was shown that PaO_2, PaCO_2, SaO_2 , HR, R were significantly improved at the end of the third day when compared with those at the beginning in both groups(P

Objective To investigate the relationship between adiponectin and the first-phase of pancreatic P-cell insulin secretion in subjects with different statuses of glucose tolerance. Methods Thirty-seven patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) , 30 patients with abnormal glucose tolerance (IGR) , and 40 normal control subjects (NGT) underwent intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). Fasting adiponectin and proinsulin (PI) was assayed by EL1SA. Fasting free fatty acid ( FFA) was measured by colorimetry. Insulin area under the curve ( AUC ) , incremental AUC (iAUC) from 0 min to 10 min, AIR3-5, homeostasis model assessment for insnlin resistance (HOMA-IR) , and for β cell function ( HOMA-p) were calculated. The relationship between adiponectin and AUC, iAUC, AIR3-5, proinsulin, FFA, and HOMA-IR was explored. Results (1) The levels of AUC, iAUC, AIR3-5, and adiponectin in DM group and IGR group were significantly lower than those in NGT group (P<0.05), reduced in DM group than those in IGR group(P<0.05). (2) The levels of PI in DM group and IGR group were significantly higher than that in NGT (P<0.05). (3) Adiponectin was positively correlated with HOMA-p,AUC,iAUC,AIR3-5, and HDL-C,while negatively correlated with proinsulin, HOMA-IR, and LDL-C. (4) Proinsulin was positively correlated with HOMA-IR. (5 ) Multiple regression stepwise analysis showed that adiponectin was independently associated with AUC. Conclusions Adiponectin was an independent factor affecting the first phase of pancreatic p-cell insulin secretion. Low adiponectin level could predict the dysfunction of the first phase pancreatic p-cell secretion as well as insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Objective To investigate the clinical features,treatment response and prognosis in children with Takayasu′s arteritis(TA) in order to improve the understanding of TA.Methods A retrospective study of 10 children with TA was performed.All of them were admitted and diagnosed in Peking University First Hospital from Jan.1998 to Oct.2008.The clinical features,laboratory tests,imaging modalities,treatment response and prognosis were all collected and evaluated.Results There were 3 boys and 7 girls in the 10 patients with TA,and the ratio of male to female was 12.3.The onset was from 4 months to 9 years old,with average age at 5.5 years old.The average duration of diagnosis was 7.6 months.The incidences of hypertension,vascular bruits,albuminuria,convulsion were present in 100%,100%,70% and 40%,respectively.The clinical types included typeⅡ(60%),type Ⅲ(10%) and type Ⅳ(30%).The acute phase inflammatory indices of activity such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR),C-reactive protein(CRP) and white blood cell(WBC) were not evidently increased.Tuberculosis infection was found in 6 out of 10 patients and anti-tuberculosis treatment was performed.Six patients were treated with steroids and 3 cases of them were also given immunosuppressives cyclophosphamide or methotrexate.Three of the 10 patients received anti-hypertensive and vasodilator.Two patients received percutaneous translurminal angioplasty and 1 patient received nephrectomy.One patient died of renal failure,heart failure and shock.Conclusions The patients with TA had high prevalence of tuberculosis infection,diagnosis as often late because of lack of specific clinical features at the acute inflammatory period.When organic ischaemia occurred,treatment response was usually unsatisfactory.Patients with multi-systemic and multi-viscera lesions should have comprehensive examination,especially for those with hypertension,pulseless and vascular bruits,in order to rule out TA.Early ultrasonography,computed tomography and magnetic resonnance image methods are valued in eariler diagnosis and they are the key factors to improve prognosis.

OBJECTIVETo observe the impacts on the muscle strength in the patients of stroke-induced acroparalysis treated with Xunjingcuiqi needling technique.

METHODSOne hundred patients were randomized into a Xunjingcuiqi group and a routine acupuncture group, 50 cases in each group. In the routine acupuncture group, the routine acupuncture technique was adopted at the main acupoints, such as Shangxing (GV 23), Baihui (GV 20), Dicang (ST 4), Quchi (LI 11), Huantiao (GB 30) and Zusanli (ST 36), etc. In Xunjingcuiqi group, on the basis of the routine acupuncture technique, Xunjingcuiqi needling technique (pricking technique was quickly applied with the filiform needle along the running course of meridian to promote the conduction of meridian qi) was added. For the patients being hard to feel the needling sensation and with the muscle strength of 0 to 1 degree, Dongzhencuiqi technique was supplemented at shu-stream points of yang meridians (after qi arrival, the needling manipulation with limb movement was given to promote the conduction of meridian qi). The treatment was given once every day in the two groups. Ten treatments made one session. Three sessions of treatment were required. At the end of each session treatment, the muscle strength and clinical efficacy were assessed.

RESULTSIn the 1st, 2nd and 3rd sessions of treatment, 20, 24 and 36 cases achieved the 3 to 5 degrees muscle strength in Xunjingcuiqi group, respectively; and 6, 10 and 15 cases achieved the 3 to 5 degrees muscle strength in the routine acupuncture group. The differences were significant statistically in comparison of the two groups (P < 0.01, P < 0.05). The markably effective rates were 60.0% (30/50), 64.0% (32/50) and 70.0% (35/50) after the 1st, 2nd and 3rd sessions of treatment in Xunjingcuiqi group, respectively; and those were 38.0% (19/50), 44.0% (22/50) and 46.0% (23/50) in the routine acupuncture group, respectively. The differences were significant in the 1st and 3rd sessions of treatment between the two groups (both P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONXunjingcuiqi needling technique combined with routine acupuncture achieves the apparent superior efficacy on acroparalysis induced by ischemic stroke as compared with the simple routine acupuncture. Xunjingcuiqi needling technique obviously improves muscle strength and shortens the duration of sickness.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; instrumentation ; methods ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Paralysis ; etiology ; therapy ; Qi ; Stroke ; complications ; Treatment Outcome

To perform a systemic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of PET (CT) and metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) for diagnosing neuroblastoma (NB),electronic databases were searched as well as relevant references and conference proceedings.The diagnostic accuracy of MIBG and PET (CT) was calculated for NB,primary NB,and relapse/metastasis of NB based on their sensitivity,specificity,and area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (AUSROC) in terms of per-lesion and per-patient data.A total of 40 eligible studies comprising 1134 patients with 939 NB lesions were considered for the meta-analysis.For the staging of NB,the per-lesion AUSROC value of MIBG was lower than that of PET (CT) [0.8064±0.0414 vs.0.9366±0.0166 (P＜0.05)].The per-patient AUSROC value of MIBG and PET (CT) for the diagnosis of NB was 0.8771±0.0230 and 0.6851±0.2111,respectively.The summary sensitivity for MIBG and PET (CT) was 0.79 and 0.89,respectively.The summary specificity for MIBG and PET (CT) was 0.84 and 0.71,respectively.PET (CT) showed higher per-lesion accuracy than MIBG and might be the preferred modality for the staging of NB.On the other hand,MIBG has a comparable diagnosing performance with PET (CT) in per-patient analysis but shows a better specificity.

OBJECTIVEDetecting the atrioventricular annular velocity along the long axis of ventricle by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) is a useful modality to quantitatively assess global myocardial function. The present study was designed to quantitatively assess ventricular function in healthy children by TDI and to evaluate the clinical effect of growth and echocardiographic parameters on TDI velocities during childhood.

METHODSThe study enrolled 242 healthy children aged 3 days to 17 years and they were divided into 8 groups: < 1 month of age group (37 cases), 1 month-of age group (28 cases), 7 months-of age group (21 cases), 1 year-of age group (36 cases), 4 years-of age group (40 cases), 7 years-of age group (26 cases), 10 years-of age group (28 cases) and > or = 13 years of age group (26 cases). Pulsed wave TDI velocities were obtained at the lateral mitral annulus (MA-L), basal septum (MA-S) and lateral tricuspid annulus (TA) during ventricular systole (Sa), early diastole (Ea) and late diastole (Aa), and Ea/Aa and E/Ea were obtained. Conventional echocardiography performed done and the parameters of left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), the transmitral and transtricuspid flow E wave and A wave velocities and E/A ratio were obtained. TDI parameters were compared with demographic and echocardiographic variables.

RESULTSSa, Ea and Ea/Aa were the lowest in children < 1 month of age [MA-L: Sa (4.8 +/- 0.7) cm/s, Ea (6.6 +/- 1.1) cm/s; MA-S: Sa (4.1 +/- 0.6) cm/s, Ea (5.0 +/- 0.8) cm/s; TA: Sa (6.2 +/- 1.2) cm/s, Ea (6.4 +/- 1.0) cm/s], and increased with age. The increase was significant from 1 month- to 1 year-of age group 1 year-of age group: MA-L: Sa (8.5 +/- 2.0) cm/s, Ea (16.3 +/- 2.6) cm/s; MA-S: Sa (7.2 +/- 0.8) cm/s, Ea (12.2 +/- 1.6) cm/s; TA: Sa (12.6 +/- 2.3) cm/s, Ea (14.7 +/- 2.6) cm/s. Ea and Sa of TA reached the older children's value earlier than those of the mitral annulus did. Aa increased in the 1 month-of age group compared to < 1 month of age group and remained stable beyond 1 year-of age group. Mitral annulus E/Ea ratio was high among neonates to 7-months-old children (MA-L: 9.2 +/- 2.1, MA-S: 12.1 +/- 2.9), and decreased with age, and there was a significant decrease in 1 year-of age group (MA-L: 5.9 +/- 1.2, MA-S: 7.8 +/- 1.3). In these healthy children, all the above TDI parameters except Aa were influenced by age, body surface area (BSA), LVEDD and heart rate. The influence of age and BSA showed a logarithm model. LVEDD was the main factor that influenced Sa and Ea of MA-L and MA-S, and it was the only single factor that influenced E/Ea ratio at mitral annulus.

CONCLUSIONSThis study demonstrated that the left and right ventricular function developed with age in childhood, and it developed most rapidly during infancy and toddler period. The right ventricular function matured earlier than that of the left ventricle. Cardiac growth, age, and heart rate had important clinical effects on TDI velocities during childhood, and LVEDD had the most important influence on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function.

Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Aging ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Echocardiography, Doppler ; Female ; Heart Rate ; physiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Mitral Valve ; diagnostic imaging ; physiology ; Myocardial Contraction ; physiology ; Reference Values ; Tricuspid Valve ; diagnostic imaging ; physiology ; Ventricular Function ; physiology

Background The domestic and international researches discovered that many proteins and enzymes of the extracellular matrix (ECM) participate in the sclera remodeling by affecting the collagen typeⅠand fibronectin.Objective This study was to investigate the effect of matrixmetalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) on expression of collagen typeⅠand fibronectin of ECM in the posterior sclera by injecting liposomes containing tissue inhibitor of TIMP-2 gene into suprachoroidal space of the form-deprivation myopia in guinea pig.Methods Form-deprivation myopia was induced by translucent goggles in 36 clean guinea pig for 2 weeks.Then the animals were randomly assigned to TIMP-2 group,empty plasmid group,saline group and 12 for each group.Liposomes of 5μl containing TIMP-2 gene,empty plasmid and saline were suprachoroidally injected in the right eye respectively,and the left eyes without any treatment were used as self-control group.Other 12 matched guinea pigs only covered the right eyes through out the experimental duration as model control group.The guinea pigs were sacrificed and the posterior sclera tissue of the eyeballs were collected at 2,7 and 14 days after injection of drug.The expressions of collagen typeⅠmRNA and fibronectin mRNA were detected by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).This study followed the Regulation for the Administration of Affair Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission.Results The expression level of collagen type Ⅰ mRNA in the posterior sclera of guinea pig was lower but that of fibronectin mRNA was higher in TIMP-2 group than self-control group,showing significant differences between them (P＜0.05).The expression level of collagen type Ⅰ mRNA in the posterior scleral tissue began to increase from the 2nd day after drug injection and was obviously elevated at the 7th day and then gradually decreased at the 14th day.However,the expression level of fibronectin mRNA in the posterior scleral tissue showed the opposite pattern.The expression levels of collagen typeⅠmRNA and fibronectin mRNA at the 7th after drug injection were significantly lower than that at the 2nd day or 14th day (P＜0.01).Conclusion Suprachoroidal injection of TIMP-2 in form-deprivation myopia could up-regulate the expression of collagen typeⅠmRNA and down-regulate the expression of fibronectin mRNA in the posterior scleral tissue.It may slow down the sclera remodeling of form-deprivation myopia in guinea pig in the early stage.