Objective: To study the concentration of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) in rat hippocampus after intranasal administration, and to inveategate the improvement on cognitive dysfunction of rats with cerebral ischemic treated by intranasal administration of Sal B and its mechnisms. Methods: HPLC method was employed to check the distribution of Sal B in hippocampus by intranasal administration. Sal B was intranasal administered after one week of cerebral ischemia. The effect of Sal B by intranasal administration on cognitive dysfuctiopn was checked using Morris water maze. The effect of Sal B by intranasal administration on the hippocampus morphological characteristics was studied using Cresyl violet (Nissl) staining. BrdU injection and immunohistochemical staining were used to test the effect of Sal B on the neurogensis in hippocampus of cerebral ischemic rats. Results: After intranasal administration of Sal B, the Cmax of Sal B was (2.47 ± 0.55) μg/g, and the AUC of Sal B was (336.4 ± 73.0) μg∙min/g. Morris water maze test results showed that Sal B by intranasal administration could reduce the average escape latency of cerebral ischemic rats, increase the time in the former platform quadrant and the time of rats across the platform. Compared with the Sham group, the hippocampal CA1 cell layers were reduced and the pyramidal cells showed an irregular arrangement in the model group. Compared with model group, hippocampal morphology was clear, nerve cells arranged in regular, and the number of neurons increased significantly in groups of Sal B by intranasal administration. Immunohistochemistry results showed that the groups of Sal B by intranasal administration could increase the BrdU-positive cell number in hippocampus. Conclusion: Intranasal administration of SalB can significantly improve the distribution in the hippocampus. Intranasal administration of Sal B could improve the cognitive dysfuction, and this effect maybe related to the directive effect of Sal B on promoting neurogenesis after cerebral ischemic.

Scutellarin is the main effective constituent of breviscapine, a flavonoid mixture isolated from the dried whole plant of Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand-Mazz, and valsartan is used as an antihypertensive drug. These two drugs have already been clinically used together to treat diabetic nephropathy (DN) in China, and the combined medications showed some enhanced protection against DN. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential pharmacokinetic interaction between scutellarin and valsartan in rats. Breviscapine injection (20 mg x kg(-1), i.v.) and valsartan (15 mg x kg-, i.g.), either alone or together were given to 18 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Concentrations of scutellarin and valsartan were quantified by HPLC, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental methods. We found that the pharmacokinetic parameters of scutellarin altered significantly after co-administration of oral valsartan. The plasma clearance (CL(p)) and the bile clearance (CL(b)) of scutellarin were reduced significantly in the presence of valsartan. After oral administration of valsartan with or without intravenous scutellarin, however, the pharmacokinetic parameters of valsartan were comparable. In conclusion, our data suggests that the concurrent use of valsartan reduces the biliary excretion of scutellarin, and this may be due to the inhibitory effect of valsartan on the biliary excretion of scutellarin mediated by Mrp2 (Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2).
Administration, Intravenous ; Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Antihypertensive Agents ; administration & dosage ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Apigenin ; administration & dosage ; blood ; isolation & purification ; pharmacokinetics ; Bile ; metabolism ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drug Interactions ; Erigeron ; chemistry ; Glucuronates ; administration & dosage ; blood ; isolation & purification ; pharmacokinetics ; Male ; Metabolic Clearance Rate ; Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins ; metabolism ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Valsartan ; administration & dosage ; blood ; pharmacokinetics

OBJECTIVETo compare the effects of the recipes for nourishing Shen-yin (NSY) and for warming recuperating Shen-yang (WRSY) on the activity of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis rats.

METHODSFifty-five female rats were randomly divided into five groups: the control, the sham operation, the ovariectomy, the ovariectomy plus NSY and the ovariectomy plus WRSY group. The medication was starting from one week after operation and lasted continuously for 3 months. The proximal tibia of rats were analyzed with bone histomorphometry, the activity of IL-1 was detected with mouse thymocyte assay and the activity of IL-6 was detected with IL-6 dependence cell proliferation assay.

RESULTSThree months after ovariectomy, the percentage of trabeculae bone volume (TBV%) of tibia in rats was markedly reduced, but the percentage of trabeculae absorption surface (TRS%) and trabeculae formation surface (TFS%) significantly increased, and the activity of IL-1 and IL-6 increased obviously. These abnormal changes could be reversed to different degree by NSY or WRSY, but the effect of the latter was superior to that of the former.

CONCLUSIONThe inhibitory effect of WRSY on IL-1 and IL-6 activity was significantly better than that of NSY, which is one of the mechanisms of its superiority in preventing osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy in rats.

Animals ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Interleukin-1 ; metabolism ; Interleukin-6 ; metabolism ; Osteoporosis ; etiology ; metabolism ; Ovariectomy ; Phytotherapy ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

Objective Determination of extractable components in medium/low borosilicate glass controlled injection bottles under 5 different extraction conditions,assess the risk of drug safety by the amount of migration.Methods Determination of 24 elements in extraction solution by ICP-MS.Result Establish the standard curves of 24 elements,and the detection limit and quantitative limit were determined.The determination of the elements in the 5 extraction solutions was completed and their safety was evaluated.Conclusion Medium/low borosilicate glass injection bottle for packing freeze-dried products of Tianjin Tasly Pride Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd.,the daily intake of Li、V、Cr、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sb、Ba、Hg、Pb was lower than permitted daily exposure,the amount of migration does not pose a risk to drugs,therefore,the injection quality is not affected.

OBJECTIVE: To document the causes of high signal intensity of the meniscus which is not caused by definite meniscal tears on MR imaging, through correlation with histological examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For the correlation between the MR image and histology, we obtained prospectively 31 meniscal specimens from 21 patients. Proton density-weighted turbo spin-echo MR images were used. Minimal tear, thinning of the lamellar layer, degeneration of the central layer, and radial tie fibers were detected upon histological examination, and were correlated with the corresponding MR images. RESULTS: Minimal tear of the lamellar layer was seen in 60 zones out of 100 slides. On MR images, 29 (48.3%) of these 60 zones had high signal intensity. Thinning of the lamellar layer was seen in 24 zones, with 7 (29.2%) having high signal intensity. 57 central zones showed degenerative change in the central layer and high signal intensity on all corresponding MR images. Radial tie fibers in the central layer appeared as high signal intensity areas. CONCLUSION: Minimal tear and thinning of the lamellar layer, degeneration and radial tie fibers of the central layer of the meniscus cause high signal intensity on MR images.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Knee Injuries/*diagnosis ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/*methods ; Male ; Menisci, Tibial/*injuries/*pathology ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Rupture

Salvianolic acid is the water soluble extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza,and it can improve the blood circulation of the brain and improve the cognitive disorder of depression,anti-inflammation,anti-tumor and so on.At present,the research on its technology is relatively less.This particle will mainly review the research progress of analytical methods,extraction and purification technology of salvianolic acids.The main analysis methods used for salvianolic acids include UV spectrophotometry,near-infrared spectroscopy,quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS),colorimetry and so on.The extraction process is mainly heating reflux extraction and warm soaking method,percolation method,enzymatic extraction,etc.The purification process is macroporous resin purification,ZnCl2 precipitation method,ultrafiltration and so on.

To study and establish a monitoring method for macroporous resin column chromatography process of salvianolic acids by using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR) as a process analytical technology (PAT).The multivariate statistical process control (MSPC) model was developed based on 7 normal operation batches, and 2 test batches (including one normal operation batch and one abnormal operation batch) were used to verify the monitoring performance of this model. The results showed that MSPC model had a good monitoring ability for the column chromatography process. Meanwhile, NIR quantitative calibration model was established for three key quality indexes (rosmarinic acid, lithospermic acid and salvianolic acid B) by using partial least squares (PLS) algorithm. The verification results demonstrated that this model had satisfactory prediction performance. The combined application of the above two models could effectively achieve real-time monitoring for macroporous resin column chromatography process of salvianolic acids, and can be used to conduct on-line analysis of key quality indexes. This established process monitoring method could provide reference for the development of process analytical technology for traditional Chinese medicines manufacturing.

Currently, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been considered as an efficient tool for achieving process analytical technology(PAT) in the manufacture of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) products. In this article, the NIRS based process analytical system for the production of salvianolic acid for injection was introduced. The design of the process analytical system was described in detail, including the selection of monitored processes and testing mode, and potential risks that should be avoided. Moreover, the development of relative technologies was also presented, which contained the establishment of the monitoring methods for the elution of polyamide resin and macroporous resin chromatography processes, as well as the rapid analysis method for finished products. Based on author's experience of research and work, several issues in the application of NIRS to the process monitoring and control in TCM production were then raised, and some potential solutions were also discussed. The issues include building the technical team for process analytical system, the design of the process analytical system in the manufacture of TCM products, standardization of the NIRS-based analytical methods, and improving the management of process analytical system. Finally, the prospect for the application of NIRS in the TCM industry was put forward.

Objective: Converging evidence suggests that intestinal inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies on fecal calprotectin in Parkinson’s disease (PD) were limited by small sample sizes, and literature regarding intestinal inflammation in multiple system atrophy (MSA) is very scarce. We investigated the levels of fecal calprotectin, a marker of intestinal inflammation, in PD and MSA. Methods: We recruited 169 subjects (71 PD, 38 MSA, and 60 age-similar nonneurological controls). Clinico-demographic data were collected. PD and MSA were subtyped and the severity assessed using the MDS-UPDRS and UMSARS, respectively. Fecal calprotectin and blood immune markers were analyzed. Results: Compared to controls (median: 35.7 [IQR: 114.2] μg/g), fecal calprotectin was significantly elevated in PD (median: 95.6 [IQR: 162.1] μg/g, p = 0.003) and even higher in MSA (median: 129.5 [IQR: 373.8] μg/g, p = 0.002). A significant interaction effect with age was observed; between-group differences were significant only in older subjects (i.e., ≥ 61 years) and became more apparent with increasing age. A total of 28.9% of MSA and 18.3% of PD patients had highly abnormal fecal calprotectin levels (≥ 250 μg/g); however, this difference was only significant for MSA compared to controls. Fecal calprotectin correlated moderately with selected blood immune markers in PD, but not with clinical features of PD or MSA. Conclusions Elevated fecal calprotectin suggests a role for intestinal inflammation in PD and MSA. A more complete understanding of gut immune alterations could open up new avenues of research and treatment for these debilitating diseases.

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing disease with genetic and environmental background. Many factors may act as triggers and affect the course of the disease. However, little is known about the factors affecting the disease severities in Korean childhood AD. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to document the distinct characteristics of childhood AD in Korea and to determine which manifestations are prone to be present in the settings of different severity of the disease. METHOD: The clinical manifestations, past medical and family history, and inducing or aggravating factors were studied in patients, who participated in the open lectures for childhood AD patients in three provinces of Korea. The severity of the disease was evaluated using the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) and the factors affecting the severity of the disease were determined. Skin prick tests with four allergens, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, milk, peanut and egg, were also carried out. RESULTS: Of the 93 patients, 38.7% had the disease onset between the age of three and six, while 17.2% had it between the age of seven and fifteen. Sixty-five percent of the patients had family members with a history of atopic diseases, such as AD, asthma, allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis. In order of frequency, the patients either had a history of or presently accompanying infantile eczema, allergic rhinitis, asthma or allergic conjunctivitis. Among the patients, 27% took herbal medication. The most frequently involved site was the flexural area. The most common aggravating factors were sweating in hot environment, wool fabric and stress. When AD patients were categorized into mild, moderate and severe groups by EASI, the older onset age, the longer duration, facial distribution, history of taking herbal medication, cholinergic condition, wool fabric and stress were found to be significant factors influencing the severity of the disease. Skin prick test with the four major allergens revealed the highest prevalence in Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. CONCLUSION: The age of onset of AD was higher than that has been reported. Many suffered from infantile dermatitis and had other accompanying atopic diseases. Aggravating factors should be avoided to minimize the risk of disease aggravation. Based on the fact that late onset age, duration, facial distribution, history of taking herbal medication, cholinergic condition, wool and stress were the statistically significant factors, we may predict the severity or the course of the disease.
Age of Onset ; Allergens ; Antigens, Dermatophagoides ; Asthma ; Conjunctivitis, Allergic ; Dermatitis ; Dermatitis, Atopic* ; Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus ; Eczema ; Humans ; Korea* ; Lectures ; Milk ; Ovum ; Prevalence ; Rhinitis ; Skin ; Sweat ; Sweating ; Wool