Background: The Internet has become an important global tool used by diverse age groups, especially adolescents and young adults. However, in South Korea, studies on the prevalence of pathological Internet use (PIU) among college students are limited to being compared with those involving adolescents. Therefore, in this report, we assessed the pervasiveness of PIU and its related factors among college students. Methods: Data were collected from 1,390 college students. PIU was screened using the Self-Report Scale for Measuring Behavior Symptoms of Adults’ PIU. We analyzed the associations between PIU and depression, anxiety, and suicidality. We also used the self-report questionnaire to assess sociodemographic and other clinical factors. Results: Of the total number of participants, 16.8% (n=234) were identified as problematic Internet users. Univariate analysis revealed significant associations between depression, anxiety, suicidal behavior, and PIU. Multivariate analysis further showed a significant relation between unsatisfactory school life (odds ratio [OR], 2.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06-6.15; p=0.036), depression (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 1.03-2.71; p=0.036), and anxiety (OR, 3.36; 95% CI, 1.91-5.93; p<0.001) with PIU. Conclusion Depression, anxiety, and suicidality are common in individuals engaged in PIU, with a complex interrelation. Further studies are required to clarify the mechanisms of PIU and develop preventive and treatment strategies.

Purpose: The purposes of this study were to examine the associations among caregiver burden, anxiety, spirituality, family relationship and depression and to determine predictors of depression among caregivers of hospitalized children. Methods: The participants were 128 caregivers of hospitalized children. Data were collected through self-report questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis with SPSS ver. 27. Results: Depression was significantly positively associated with caregiver burden, anxiety and negatively associated with family relationships. Multiple regression analysis revealed that caregiver burden, anxiety, family relationship, and being 6 months or more post diagnosis were significant factors having an explanation power of approximately 56% of the variance in depression. Conclusion Our study findings show that it is necessary to develop strategies to reinforce family relationship and reduce caregiver burden to prevent caregiver depression.

Similar to substance use disorder, patients with Internet addiction disorder (IAD) show excessive use, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. We report a case of a patient with withdrawal psychosis who showed persecutory delusion and disorganized behaviors in addition to common withdrawal symptoms such as agitation and irritability. A 25-year-old male developed a full-blown psychotic episode within one day after discontinuing an Internet game that he had been playing for at least eight hours a day for two years. Upon admission, he had no abnormal brain imaging findings and laboratory tests. With antipsychotic medication (quetiapine up to 800 mg), his psychotic symptoms rapidly subsided and after four days of treatment, he no longer showed any signs of psychosis. This case report suggests that brief psychosis can develop during withdrawal from long-term excessive use of an Internet and the central pathology beneath the IAD is more likely a form of addiction than impulse control.
Adult ; Delusions ; Dihydroergotamine ; Humans ; Internet* ; Male ; Neuroimaging ; Pathology ; Psychotic Disorders* ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome ; Substance-Related Disorders

Objective: Cognitive impairment has been an area of interest for psychiatrists. Not only do patients with dementia exhibit symptoms associated with cognitive impairment, but those with some mental disorders such as psychotic and mood disorders as well. However, differences in cognitive impairment between these disorders remain unclear. In this study, we used the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE), a tool that can be easily administered to patients, to compare cognitive impairment profiles among patients with dementia, psychotic disorders, and mood disorders. Methods: We collected demographic and clinical characteristics of 59 patients who were over 50 years old. Cognitive func-tion was assessed using the K-MMSE. Patients were divided into three groups based on International Classification of Diseases 10th revision diagnosis codes: 1) F00-F01 Dementia, 2) F20-F29 Psychotic disorders, and 3) F30-F39 Mood disorders. We compared K-MMSE subscale scores between the three groups using one-way analysis of variance. Results: The three groups did not differ in demographic data. The dementia group showed the lowest scores in orientation to time (standard deviation [SD]=1.45, F=3.233, p<0.05) and place (SD=1.25, F=3.388, p<0.05), as well as registration (SD=1.00, F=4.425, p<0.05) and recall (SD=0.91, F=3.364, p<0.05) of memory compared to the groups with psychotic and mood disorders. The psychotic disorder group showed significant impairment in language (SD=1.34, F=3.348, p<0.05) compared to the other groups. No significant differences were observed in calculation and drawing. Conclusion This study suggests that certain K-MMSE subscale scores could indicate an illness that causes cognitive impairment, especially in dementia, psychotic disorders, and mood disorders. By using K-MMSE profiles, we could provide better in-terventions for patients with cognitive impairment.

We would like to correct the degree for the 2nd author.

OBJECTIVES: Cerebral laterality is thought to be an important marker for neurodevelopment. Prenatal testosterone could influence both cerebral laterality and 2nd to 4th finger length ratio(2D:4D). EEG coherence and 2D:4D were examined to investigate the relationship between prenatal testosterone level and cerebral laterality. METHODS: EEG was recorded in 24 healthy subjects in the eyes closed resting state. Differences in 2D:4D finger ratio were used to discriminate "masculine finger type" and "feminine finger type" groups. The 2D:4D ratio was lower and greater than one for the "masculine finger type" group and "feminine finger type" group, respectively. We used coherence analysis to estimate the cortical functional connectivity. RESULTS: There were statistically meaningful relationships among cerebral functional connectivity, sex and finger ratio. Man and masculine finger type group showed higher intra-hemispheric coherence than those of woman and feminine finger type group. Woman and feminine finger type group showed higher inter-hemispheric coherence than those of man and masculine finger type group. CONCLUSIONS: These results imply that prenatal testosterone might act as important determinants of cerebral laterality. Further examination of the relationship between 2D:4D and EEG coherence in schizophrenia could give some clues for the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia genesis.
Electroencephalography ; Eye ; Female ; Fingers ; Humans ; Schizophrenia ; Testosterone

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to translate Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) and the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES) into Korean and test the validity and reliability of the instruments. Methods: Korean version of DUREL and DSES were translated and back-translated by 6 bilingual experts and group discussions. Data analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 22.0. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted with two data sets of secondary analysis study to examine the factor structure and construct validity. Correlations with other variables were used to test validity and reliability. Results: For K-DUREL, the final evaluation yielded two factors with 5 items: intrinsic religiosity and institutional religious activity. K-DSES had two factors with 16 items: transpersonal spiritual experience, and interpersonal & environmental spiritual experience. Cronbach’s ⍺ of K-DUREL and K-DSES were .67 and .96, respectively. Both instruments showed good reliability and validity for the translated Korean versions. Conclusion Applying K-DUREL and K-DSES in theory-based research may contribute to knowledge about the religious activity and spiritual experiences in the health and well-being of a Korean. Also, two instruments have the potential to measure changes in religion and spirituality after spiritual or holistic nursing interventions.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to translate Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) and the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES) into Korean and test the validity and reliability of the instruments. Methods: Korean version of DUREL and DSES were translated and back-translated by 6 bilingual experts and group discussions. Data analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 22.0. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted with two data sets of secondary analysis study to examine the factor structure and construct validity. Correlations with other variables were used to test validity and reliability. Results: For K-DUREL, the final evaluation yielded two factors with 5 items: intrinsic religiosity and institutional religious activity. K-DSES had two factors with 16 items: transpersonal spiritual experience, and interpersonal & environmental spiritual experience. Cronbach’s ⍺ of K-DUREL and K-DSES were .67 and .96, respectively. Both instruments showed good reliability and validity for the translated Korean versions. Conclusion Applying K-DUREL and K-DSES in theory-based research may contribute to knowledge about the religious activity and spiritual experiences in the health and well-being of a Korean. Also, two instruments have the potential to measure changes in religion and spirituality after spiritual or holistic nursing interventions.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between the presence of penetration or aspiration and the occurrence of the clinical indicators of dysphagia. The presence of penetration or aspiration is closely related to the clinical indicators of dysphagia. It is essential to understand these relationships in order to implement proper diagnosis and treatment of dysphagia. METHODS: Fifty-eight poststroke survivors were divided into two groups: patients with or without penetration or aspiration. Medical records and videofluoroscopic swallowing examinations were reviewed. The occurrence of clinical indicators of dysphagia between two groups was analyzed with Cross Tabulation and the Pearson chi-square test (p<0.05). RESULTS: Poststroke survivors with penetration or aspiration had significantly high occurrences of delayed initiation of the swallow (p=0.04) and reduced hyolaryngeal elevation (p<0.01) than those without penetration or aspiration. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that delayed initiation of the swallow is a strong physiological indicator of penetration or aspiration during the oral stage of swallowing in poststroke survivors. For the pharyngeal stage of swallowing, hyoid and laryngeal elevation is a key event related to occurrence of penetration or aspiration. Clinical indicators should be investigated further to allow appropriate implementation of treatment strategies for stroke survivors.
Deglutition ; Deglutition Disorders* ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Oral Stage ; Stroke ; Survivors*

Endocrine test data from a 13-year old intact female Maltese was indicative of the presence of an insulinoma, however ultrasonography identified a pancreatic mass only after 10 months after the first admission. Following identification of both pancreatic tumor and hepatic metastasis on computed tomography (CT), surgical excision of the mass was attempted. However, total excision failed because of tumor adhesion to adjacent large vessels. The pancreatic mass was monitored over the next 25 months via ultrasonography, CT, and positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT). Histopathological and immunohistochemical data confirmed the diagnosis of insulinoma with hepatic metastasis.
Animals ; Diagnostic Imaging ; Dogs ; Electrons ; Female ; Humans ; Insulinoma ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Positron-Emission Tomography