PURPOSE: Catheter direct thrombolysis (CDT) has been shown to be an effective treatment for deep venous thrombosis. The objective of the review is to improve safety and efficacy of the CDT by using ward based protocol, better able to predict complications and treatment outcome through monitoring of haemostatic parameters and clinical observation during thrombolysis procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL and Web of Science were searched for all articles on deep venous thrombosis, thrombolysis and correlations of clinical events (bleeding, successful thrombolysis) during thrombolysis with hemostatic parameters to March 2016. The risk of bias in included studies was assessed by Cochrane Collaboration’s tool and Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool: for Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions. RESULTS: Twenty-four studies were included in the review and we found that improving safety and efficacy of CDT by using ward based protocol depending on eight factors; strict patient selection criteria, types of fibrinolytic drugs, mode of fibrinolytic drug injection, biochemical markers monitoring (fibrinogen, D-dimer, activated partial thromboplastin time, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1), timing of intervention, usage of intermittent pneumatic calf, ward monitoring and thrombolysis imaging assessment (intravascular ultrasound). These factors may help to improve safety and efficacy by reducing total thrombolytic drug dosage and at the same time ensure successful lysis. There is a marked lack of randomized controlled trials discussing the safety and efficacy of catheter direct thrombolysis. CONCLUSION: CDT can be performed safely and efficiently in clinical ward, providing that careful nursing, biochemical monitoring, proper selection and mode of infusion of fibrinolytic drugs, usage of Intermittent pneumatic calf and adequate thrombolysis imaging assessment are ensured.
Bias (Epidemiology) ; Biomarkers ; Catheters ; Fibrinolytic Agents ; Hemorrhage ; Nursing ; Partial Thromboplastin Time ; Patient Selection ; Plasminogen Activators ; Treatment Outcome ; Venous Thrombosis

PURPOSE: Achieving an effective seal with the Nellix endovascular aneurysm system is dependent on filling the stent bags with an appropriate volume of polymer. Calculating this volume preoperatively is essential and can be performed manually or using three-dimensional (3D) software. The aim of this project was to compare the accuracy of these two methods relative to the actual polymer volume used. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Consecutive patients undergoing Nellix aneurysm repair were included in this retrospective study. Operation notes were analysed for the polymer volume used intra-operatively. Predicted volumes for all patients had been calculated on picture archiving and communication system (PACS) using a manual ‘segmental cylinder’ method. Computed tomography angiograms were then re-analysed using the Synapse 3D PACS update. The difference between groups was assessed using a paired t-test. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients were included in the analysis; 26 men (92.9%) and 2 women (7.1%); median age 80.9 years (interquartile range, 72.5–84.5 years). The mean volume of polymer used was 103 mL. The mean manual-derived prediction was 100.1 mL (P=0.365) and 3D-derived prediction 110.2 mL (P < 0.001). Manual prediction led to an average 2.8% underestimate of polymer volume whilst 3D prediction led to an average 7.0% overestimate. CONCLUSION: Calculating predicted polymer volume for the Nellix system is more accurate using a manual approach then the 3D alternative. Whilst this method is more time-consuming, there is no significant difference when compared to the actual volume used. Quicker 3D software predictions can be utilised, but their tendency to overestimate should be recognized and taken into account during planning.
Aneurysm ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Methods ; Polymers ; Retrospective Studies ; Stents ; Synapses