Background and Objectives: Thyroxine is important for brain development. Improper hypothyroid treatment may lead to cognitive and motor impairment, thereby affecting the quality of life. We analyzed the correlation between age at first treatment, length of treatment, initial levothyroxine (LT4) dose, and serum levels of free thyroxine (fT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and pediatric quality of life in patients with congenital hypothyroidism (CH). Materials and Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study of 41 children with CH who consumed LT4 for at least 3 months during March 2019-December 2019. The quality of life was assessed from parents’ reports using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) generic scale. Spearman correlation analysis was carried out, and statistical significance was set at p＜0.05. Results: A total of 17 of the 41 children were girls. The mean PedsQL scores in physical and psychosocial functioning were 78.12 (68.75-100) and 233.30 (215-251.67), respectively. Age at first treatment was correlated with physical functioning (r=−0.501, p＜0.05) and psychosocial functioning (r=−0.440, p＜0.05). The initial LT4 dose was negatively correlated with physical functioning (r=−0.568, p＜0.05) and psychosocial functioning (r=−0.482, p＜0.05). The length of treatment showed a positive correlation with physical functioning (r=0.776, p＜0.05) and psychosocial functioning (r= −0.852, p＜0.05). However, the serum fT4 and TSH levels were not correlated with quality of life in children with CH (p＞0.05). Conclusion Age at first treatment, initial dose of LT4, and length of treatment were correlated with quality of life in children with CH.

The World Health Organization recommends that infants should be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months of life to provide optimal nutrition in this critical period of life. After this, infants should receive nutritionally adequate and safe complementary foods while breastfeeding continues for up to 2 years of age or beyond. For nonbreastfed infants, infant formula is an available option to provide the nutrition needed. Infant formula is usually prepared from industrially modified cow's milk and processed to adjust for the nutritional needs of infants. However, cow's milk is one of the most common causes of food allergy, affecting 2%–5% of all formula-fed infants during their first year of life. One strategy to prevent cow's milk allergy in nonbreastfed infants is the use of partially hydrolyzed formula (pHF) in high-risk infants, which are infants born in families with atopic disease. However, based on an epidemiological study, approximately half of the infants who develop allergy are not part of the at-risk group. This is because the non-at-risk group is significantly larger than the at-risk group and the non-at-risk infants have approximately 15% risk of developing allergies. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of partially hydrolyzed whey formula (pHF-W) in nonbreastfed infants and determine whether pHF-W can prevent atopic disease in high-risk infants and can be used as routine starter formula regardless of the allergy risk status.
Breast Feeding ; Critical Period (Psychology) ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Infant Formula ; Infant ; Milk ; Milk Hypersensitivity ; Whey ; World Health Organization

Human breast milk contains numerous biomolecules. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant component of breast milk, after lactose and lipids. Amongst the synthetized HMOs, 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) and lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) are widely studied and are considered safe for infant nutrition. Several studies have reported the health benefits of HMOs, which include modulation of the intestinal microbiota, anti-adhesive effect against pathogens, modulation of the intestinal epithelial cell response, and development of the immune system. The amount and diversity of HMOs are determined by the genetic background of the mothers (HMO secretors or non-secretors). The non-secretor mothers secrete lower HMOs than secretor mothers. The breastfed infants of secretor mothers gain more health benefit than those of non-secretor mothers. In conclusion, supplementation of infant formula with 2′-FL and LNnT is a promising innovation for infant nutrition.
Breast Feeding ; Epithelial Cells ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Genetic Background ; Health Maintenance Organizations ; Humans ; Immune System ; Infant Formula ; Infant ; Insurance Benefits ; Lactose ; Milk, Human ; Mothers ; Oligosaccharides

Combination of The Childhood Autism Rating Scale™ Second Edition - Standard Clinical Tool (CARS2-ST) with criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) is thought to improve diagnostic process. To meet diagnostic needs, localized, Indonesian-translated version of CARS2-ST is developed. Therefore, assessment of construct validity of the Indonesian-language translated CARS2-ST must be performed. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Child Development Center in Surabaya, Indonesia from August to December 2019. Diagnosis of ASD then performed by using CARS2-ST and DSM-5 criteria. To assess construct validity, principal components analysis and Kaiser-varimax rotation was performed for CARS2-ST in order to determine factors. DSM-5 criteria for ASD was used to compare scale.There were 201 children aged 2 - 6 years old with reported speech and behavior problems. Sixty-six children were diagnosed for ASD. Factor analysis using Kaiser-varimax rotation indicates a significant two factors: social communication and interaction factor and restrictive stereotyped behaviors and sensory factor sensitivites. The factors satisfyingly reflects the criteria for ASD in DSM-5.Construct validity of Indonesian-translated version of CARS2-ST is confirmed, as shown by its correspondence with DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing . This study supports the continued relevance of the Indonesian CARS2-ST in ASD assessment.