Purpose: This study aimed to determine the frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) ­(CD4 + /FOXP3 + ) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Methods: This cross-sectional case–control study was conducted between Jan 2022 and Dec 2023. Bone marrow samples were collected from 20 healthy individuals and 15 patients with AML. Flow cytometry, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and western blotting were used to evaluate the frequency of Treg and IDO expression levels. Results: The Treg percentage among total lymphocytes was lower in the AML group than that in the normal group.However, Treg percentage among T-helper (Th) lymphocytes was significantly higher in the AML group than that in the normal group (p < 0.05). The mean IDO expression in the AML group was significantly higher than that in the normal group (p = 0.004). A significant relationship was observed between IDO expression and Treg percentage among Th lymphocytes in the AML group (correlation = 0.637; p = 0.003). Moreover, western blot analysis showed a significant increase in IDO protein intensity in the AML group compared with that in the control group (p < 0.001).A significant difference was observed between the IDO concentrations in the AML group and that in the control group (p < 0.001). In addition, a significant difference between TGF-β levels in the AML group and those in the control group (p < 0.01) was observed. Conclusion IDO inhibition using novel IDO inhibitors along with chemotherapy is a promising approach to overcome the immune escape mechanisms in patients with AML, who exhibit increased levels of IDO expression and Tregs.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) ­(CD4 + /FOXP3 + ) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Methods: This cross-sectional case–control study was conducted between Jan 2022 and Dec 2023. Bone marrow samples were collected from 20 healthy individuals and 15 patients with AML. Flow cytometry, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and western blotting were used to evaluate the frequency of Treg and IDO expression levels. Results: The Treg percentage among total lymphocytes was lower in the AML group than that in the normal group.However, Treg percentage among T-helper (Th) lymphocytes was significantly higher in the AML group than that in the normal group (p < 0.05). The mean IDO expression in the AML group was significantly higher than that in the normal group (p = 0.004). A significant relationship was observed between IDO expression and Treg percentage among Th lymphocytes in the AML group (correlation = 0.637; p = 0.003). Moreover, western blot analysis showed a significant increase in IDO protein intensity in the AML group compared with that in the control group (p < 0.001).A significant difference was observed between the IDO concentrations in the AML group and that in the control group (p < 0.001). In addition, a significant difference between TGF-β levels in the AML group and those in the control group (p < 0.01) was observed. Conclusion IDO inhibition using novel IDO inhibitors along with chemotherapy is a promising approach to overcome the immune escape mechanisms in patients with AML, who exhibit increased levels of IDO expression and Tregs.

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) ­(CD4 + /FOXP3 + ) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expression in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Methods: This cross-sectional case–control study was conducted between Jan 2022 and Dec 2023. Bone marrow samples were collected from 20 healthy individuals and 15 patients with AML. Flow cytometry, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and western blotting were used to evaluate the frequency of Treg and IDO expression levels. Results: The Treg percentage among total lymphocytes was lower in the AML group than that in the normal group.However, Treg percentage among T-helper (Th) lymphocytes was significantly higher in the AML group than that in the normal group (p < 0.05). The mean IDO expression in the AML group was significantly higher than that in the normal group (p = 0.004). A significant relationship was observed between IDO expression and Treg percentage among Th lymphocytes in the AML group (correlation = 0.637; p = 0.003). Moreover, western blot analysis showed a significant increase in IDO protein intensity in the AML group compared with that in the control group (p < 0.001).A significant difference was observed between the IDO concentrations in the AML group and that in the control group (p < 0.001). In addition, a significant difference between TGF-β levels in the AML group and those in the control group (p < 0.01) was observed. Conclusion IDO inhibition using novel IDO inhibitors along with chemotherapy is a promising approach to overcome the immune escape mechanisms in patients with AML, who exhibit increased levels of IDO expression and Tregs.

Background: Pediatric malignant bone tumors constitute an important subgroup of solid tumors and need comprehensive multidisciplinary care for optimal management. We aimed to review our local practice of managing malignant bone tumors and identify gaps to improve service. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed disease characteristics and management of twenty-five pediatric patients with malignant bone tumors from Jan 2000 to Dec 2020. Results: Median age at diagnosis was 8.75 years, male to female ratio of 0.8:1, and median follow-up was 3.6 years. Pain and swelling were the predominant symptoms at presentation, while lung was the most common metastatic site in Osteosarcoma (OS) and Ewing’s Sarcoma Family Tumors (ESFT). Metastatic disease was not associated with developing an event in OS (P=0.26) but was significantly associated with developing an event in the ESFT subgroup (P=0.002). There was no association of tumor necrosis of ＜90% or positive histological margins with developing an event in the entire cohort. The relapsed disease was associated with a mortality risk in the OS group (P=0.01). At the same time, it did not return significant results for this association in ESFT; however, a trend was noted for poor outcomes (P=0.09). Event-free survival and overall survival in OS were 54% and 69%, while in the ESFT group, they were 50% and 66%, respectively. Conclusion Metastatic disease was associated with developing relapsed disease in the ESFT cohort, while relapsed disease was associated with mortality in the OS cohort.Positive histological margins and ＜90% necrosis on resected tumor specimens did not result in poor survival. Multicenter collaboration at the national level is needed to improve the outcome of this disease group, which needs specialized multidisciplinary management.

Background: Pediatric malignant bone tumors constitute an important subgroup of solid tumors and need comprehensive multidisciplinary care for optimal management. We aimed to review our local practice of managing malignant bone tumors and identify gaps to improve service. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed disease characteristics and management of twenty-five pediatric patients with malignant bone tumors from Jan 2000 to Dec 2020. Results: Median age at diagnosis was 8.75 years, male to female ratio of 0.8:1, and median follow-up was 3.6 years. Pain and swelling were the predominant symptoms at presentation, while lung was the most common metastatic site in Osteosarcoma (OS) and Ewing’s Sarcoma Family Tumors (ESFT). Metastatic disease was not associated with developing an event in OS (P=0.26) but was significantly associated with developing an event in the ESFT subgroup (P=0.002). There was no association of tumor necrosis of ＜90% or positive histological margins with developing an event in the entire cohort. The relapsed disease was associated with a mortality risk in the OS group (P=0.01). At the same time, it did not return significant results for this association in ESFT; however, a trend was noted for poor outcomes (P=0.09). Event-free survival and overall survival in OS were 54% and 69%, while in the ESFT group, they were 50% and 66%, respectively. Conclusion Metastatic disease was associated with developing relapsed disease in the ESFT cohort, while relapsed disease was associated with mortality in the OS cohort.Positive histological margins and ＜90% necrosis on resected tumor specimens did not result in poor survival. Multicenter collaboration at the national level is needed to improve the outcome of this disease group, which needs specialized multidisciplinary management.

Background: Pediatric malignant bone tumors constitute an important subgroup of solid tumors and need comprehensive multidisciplinary care for optimal management. We aimed to review our local practice of managing malignant bone tumors and identify gaps to improve service. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed disease characteristics and management of twenty-five pediatric patients with malignant bone tumors from Jan 2000 to Dec 2020. Results: Median age at diagnosis was 8.75 years, male to female ratio of 0.8:1, and median follow-up was 3.6 years. Pain and swelling were the predominant symptoms at presentation, while lung was the most common metastatic site in Osteosarcoma (OS) and Ewing’s Sarcoma Family Tumors (ESFT). Metastatic disease was not associated with developing an event in OS (P=0.26) but was significantly associated with developing an event in the ESFT subgroup (P=0.002). There was no association of tumor necrosis of ＜90% or positive histological margins with developing an event in the entire cohort. The relapsed disease was associated with a mortality risk in the OS group (P=0.01). At the same time, it did not return significant results for this association in ESFT; however, a trend was noted for poor outcomes (P=0.09). Event-free survival and overall survival in OS were 54% and 69%, while in the ESFT group, they were 50% and 66%, respectively. Conclusion Metastatic disease was associated with developing relapsed disease in the ESFT cohort, while relapsed disease was associated with mortality in the OS cohort.Positive histological margins and ＜90% necrosis on resected tumor specimens did not result in poor survival. Multicenter collaboration at the national level is needed to improve the outcome of this disease group, which needs specialized multidisciplinary management.

Background: Pediatric malignant bone tumors constitute an important subgroup of solid tumors and need comprehensive multidisciplinary care for optimal management. We aimed to review our local practice of managing malignant bone tumors and identify gaps to improve service. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed disease characteristics and management of twenty-five pediatric patients with malignant bone tumors from Jan 2000 to Dec 2020. Results: Median age at diagnosis was 8.75 years, male to female ratio of 0.8:1, and median follow-up was 3.6 years. Pain and swelling were the predominant symptoms at presentation, while lung was the most common metastatic site in Osteosarcoma (OS) and Ewing’s Sarcoma Family Tumors (ESFT). Metastatic disease was not associated with developing an event in OS (P=0.26) but was significantly associated with developing an event in the ESFT subgroup (P=0.002). There was no association of tumor necrosis of ＜90% or positive histological margins with developing an event in the entire cohort. The relapsed disease was associated with a mortality risk in the OS group (P=0.01). At the same time, it did not return significant results for this association in ESFT; however, a trend was noted for poor outcomes (P=0.09). Event-free survival and overall survival in OS were 54% and 69%, while in the ESFT group, they were 50% and 66%, respectively. Conclusion Metastatic disease was associated with developing relapsed disease in the ESFT cohort, while relapsed disease was associated with mortality in the OS cohort.Positive histological margins and ＜90% necrosis on resected tumor specimens did not result in poor survival. Multicenter collaboration at the national level is needed to improve the outcome of this disease group, which needs specialized multidisciplinary management.

Objective: To investigate the cytotoxicity and anti-cancer effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of pistachio pericarp on hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) and mouse fibroblast L929 cells as normal and control group cell. Methods: MTT assay was performed to investigate the cytotoxicity effects of the extract at 0-4 000 μg/mL on the cells after 24 and 48 h. The expressions of some genes involved in apoptosis including Bax, Bcl-2 and P53 were investigated by real time PCR. Results: Our results showed that after 24 and 48 hours of treatment of cells with this extract, the viability of HepG2 and L929 cells was reduced. Therefore, this extract had the cytotoxicity effect on both cells. The IC