BACKGROUND: There is a substantial evidence that anatomical connections and functional interactions exist between vestibular and autonomic systems. The nature of these interactions, however, is complex and has not been fully defined. Heart rate variability (HRV) was used to investigate the physiological role of the vestibular system on control of heart rate. METHODS: HRV including mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation (CV), power spectrum was analyzed from R-R intervals of ECG during vestibular stimulation in rabbits. RESULTS: Urethane anesthesia increased heart rate and maintained regular R-R intervals, however, low frequency region/high frequency region (LF/HF) was not changed. In anesthetized rabbits, electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve decreased heart rate and decreased LF/HF by increasing HF. On the contrary, electrical stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve increased heart rate and increased LF/HF by increasing LF. Atropine, cholinergic blocker, increased heart rate and increased LF/HF by reducing HF, and propranolol, beta-adrenergic blocker, decreased heart rate and decreased LF/HF by reducing LF. In unanesthetized rabbits, stimulation of the vestibular system induced by rotation or caloric increased heart rate and increased LF/HF by increasing LF. Also electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve produced the same effects as rotation or caloric in anesthetized rabbits. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that stimulation of the vestibular system increased heart rate not by inhibiting the parasympathetic nerve but by activating the sympathetic nerve.
Anesthesia ; Atropine ; Autonomic Nervous System ; Electric Stimulation ; Electrocardiography ; Heart Rate* ; Heart* ; Propranolol ; Rabbits* ; Urethane ; Vagus Nerve ; Vestibular Nerve

Chordoid glioma is a rare, low-grade brain neoplasm typically located in the third ventricle. Herein, we report an unusual case of histologically confirmed chordoid glioma located in the pituitary fossa and suprasellar region, not attached to the third ventricle. A 57-year-old woman presented with a 2-month history of headache and visual disturbance. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an ovoid mass in the pituitary fossa and suprasellar region, compressing the optic chiasm without involvement of the third ventricle. The tumor showed low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and iso- to high signal intensity on T2-weighted images, with strong and homogenous contrast enhancement. Subtotal resection was performed via the transcranial approach, and the patient subsequently received adjuvant gamma knife radiosurgery. However, the residual mass showed disease progression 5 months after the initial surgery.
Brain Neoplasms ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Glioma* ; Headache ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Middle Aged ; Optic Chiasm ; Radiosurgery ; Third Ventricle

Primary aldosteronism is in most cases due either to a unilateral adrenal adenama or to a bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex. But, a few of bilateral adrena1 tumors in primary aldosteronism also have been reported. In these cases, it is important to differentiate the bilateral aldosterone producing adenomas from the unilateral aldosteronoma in the presence of a contralateral nonhmctioning adenoma for marking a treatment plan. We report a case of primary aldosteronism due to a unilateral aldosteronoma in the presence of a contralateral nonfunctioning adenoma. Abdominal CT sean revealed bilateral adrenal tumors, of which the functioning one was successfully localized using adrenal scintigraphy and selective adrenal venous sampling.
Adenoma ; Adrenal Cortex ; Aldosterone* ; Hyperaldosteronism* ; Hyperplasia ; Radionuclide Imaging ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

We report a very rare case of unilateral blepharoptosis and swelling as an unusual complication of a filler injection. The patient received a filler injection into the forehead 4 years previously by an unlicensed practitioner. In the operation, an encapsulated yellowish cyst with inflammation was found to be adhered to the orbital septum and was excised. To prevent additional inferior migration of the remaining foreign body in the forehead, the retro-orbicularis fascia and preaponeurotic fat pad area were sutured, with the exception of the levator aponeurosis. This cyst-like mass was histopathologically proven to be a multiple pseudocyst. After excision, the swelling disappeared and the ptotic eyelid also improved. The galea is connected with the posterior orbicularis fascia. The galea and posterior orbicularis fascia layer can function as a pathway through which the injected material can migrate from the forehead to the upper eyelid. Weakening of the orbicularis retaining ligament and leakage of the foreign body through the supraorbital foramen may also cause filler migration. This case underscores the need for clinicians to be aware of the potential migration of filler even many years after an injection. We advise that filler injections should be performed by trained physicians and that it should be made known that migration is possible.
Adipose Tissue ; Blepharoptosis ; Dermal Fillers ; Eyelids* ; Fascia ; Forehead* ; Foreign Bodies ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Ligaments ; Orbit

We report a very rare case of unilateral blepharoptosis and swelling as an unusual complication of a filler injection. The patient received a filler injection into the forehead 4 years previously by an unlicensed practitioner. In the operation, an encapsulated yellowish cyst with inflammation was found to be adhered to the orbital septum and was excised. To prevent additional inferior migration of the remaining foreign body in the forehead, the retro-orbicularis fascia and preaponeurotic fat pad area were sutured, with the exception of the levator aponeurosis. This cyst-like mass was histopathologically proven to be a multiple pseudocyst. After excision, the swelling disappeared and the ptotic eyelid also improved. The galea is connected with the posterior orbicularis fascia. The galea and posterior orbicularis fascia layer can function as a pathway through which the injected material can migrate from the forehead to the upper eyelid. Weakening of the orbicularis retaining ligament and leakage of the foreign body through the supraorbital foramen may also cause filler migration. This case underscores the need for clinicians to be aware of the potential migration of filler even many years after an injection. We advise that filler injections should be performed by trained physicians and that it should be made known that migration is possible.
Adipose Tissue ; Blepharoptosis ; Dermal Fillers ; Eyelids* ; Fascia ; Forehead* ; Foreign Bodies ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Ligaments ; Orbit

Most spinal meningiomas have an intradural or partly extradural location. The meningothelial origin is the most common pathologic type of spinal meningioma. Pure extradural spinal meningiomas are not common, and lymphoplasmacyte-rich meningioma (LPRM) is very rare. We report a case of isolated extradural spinal meningioma in the thoracic spine that was pathologically confirmed as LPRM.

Background: The effect of intrauterine hyperglycemia on fat mass and regional fat proportion of the offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (OGDM) remains to be determined. Methods: The body composition of OGDM (n=25) and offspring of normoglycemic mothers (n=49) was compared using dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry at age 5 years. The relationship between maternal glucose concentration during a 100 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and regional fat mass or proportion was analyzed after adjusting for maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI). Results: BMI was comparable between OGDM and control (median, 16.0 kg/m2 vs. 16.1 kg/m2 ). Total, truncal, and leg fat mass were higher in OGDM compared with control (3,769 g vs. 2,245 g, P=0.004; 1,289 g vs. 870 g, P=0.017; 1,638 g vs. 961 g, P=0.002, respectively), whereas total lean mass was lower in OGDM (15,688 g vs. 16,941 g, P=0.001). Among OGDM, total and truncal fat mass were correlated with fasting and 3-hour glucose concentrations of maternal 100 g OGTT during pregnancy (total fat mass, r=0.49, P=0.018 [fasting], r=0.473, P=0.023 [3-hour]; truncal fat mass, r=0.571, P=0.004 [fasting], r=0.558, P=0.006 [3-hour]), but there was no correlation between OGDM leg fat mass and maternal OGTT during pregnancy. Regional fat indices were not correlated with concurrent maternal 75 g OGTT values. Conclusion Intrauterine hyperglycemia is associated with increased fat mass, especially truncal fat, in OGDM aged 5 years.

Background: The effect of intrauterine hyperglycemia on fat mass and regional fat proportion of the offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus (OGDM) remains to be determined. Methods: The body composition of OGDM (n=25) and offspring of normoglycemic mothers (n=49) was compared using dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry at age 5 years. The relationship between maternal glucose concentration during a 100 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and regional fat mass or proportion was analyzed after adjusting for maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI). Results: BMI was comparable between OGDM and control (median, 16.0 kg/m2 vs. 16.1 kg/m2 ). Total, truncal, and leg fat mass were higher in OGDM compared with control (3,769 g vs. 2,245 g, P=0.004; 1,289 g vs. 870 g, P=0.017; 1,638 g vs. 961 g, P=0.002, respectively), whereas total lean mass was lower in OGDM (15,688 g vs. 16,941 g, P=0.001). Among OGDM, total and truncal fat mass were correlated with fasting and 3-hour glucose concentrations of maternal 100 g OGTT during pregnancy (total fat mass, r=0.49, P=0.018 [fasting], r=0.473, P=0.023 [3-hour]; truncal fat mass, r=0.571, P=0.004 [fasting], r=0.558, P=0.006 [3-hour]), but there was no correlation between OGDM leg fat mass and maternal OGTT during pregnancy. Regional fat indices were not correlated with concurrent maternal 75 g OGTT values. Conclusion Intrauterine hyperglycemia is associated with increased fat mass, especially truncal fat, in OGDM aged 5 years.

Background/Aims: The histologic status of the immune-tolerant (IT) phase of chronic hepatitis B relative to long-term outcomes is unclear. This study aimed to discover how the serological criteria currently in use correspond to histologic criteria in determining the IT phase and indication for liver biopsy. Methods: Patients in the serological IT phase determined by positive hepatitis B e antigen, hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA ≥106 IU/mL, and normal or minimally elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≤60 IU/L, who underwent liver biopsy at three different hospitals were included. The distribution of the histologic IT phase, defined as fibrosis of stage 1 or less and inflammation of grade 1 or less, was compared with that of the serological IT phase. The risk factors for the incidence of liver-related events, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, liver cirrhosis, liver transplantation, and death, were also analyzed. Results: Eighty-two (31.7%) out of 259 clinically suspected IT phase patients belonged to the histologic IT phase. Age over 35, high AST, and low albumin were useful for ruling out the histologic IT phase. Risk factors predicting liver-related events were age and significant fibrosis stage. There was no significant difference in the proportion of histologic IT phase and clinical prognosis between normal ALT and mildly elevated ALT groups. However, even in patients with normal ALT, age was an important factor in predicting the presence of the histologic IT phase. Conclusions A significant number of patients who belonged to the serological IT phase were not in the histologic IT phase. Patients over 35 years and those with high AST, low albumin, and low HBV DNA levels were more likely to experience poor long-term clinical outcomes. Therefore, additional histologic assessment should be considered.

BACKGROUND: The early coronary reperfusion with tissue type plasminogen activator(t-PA) influenced on the short term mortality and long term mobidity in acute myocardial infarction. The attention for thrombolysis with t-PA has been focused in identifying the optimal t-PA regimen and on the possibility of achieving effective and safe thrombolysis with a bolus of t-PA. Experimental data demonstrates that rapid t-PA infusion resulted in improved thrombolysis with minimal fibrinogenolysis and without excessive bleeding than prolonged infusion. METHODS: Consecutive patients presenting up to 6 hour from the onset of symptoms were recruited for the study. Aspirin(200mg daily) should be given immediately, 100mg t-PA was administered as two intravenous bolus injections of 50mg t-PA each given 30 minute apart, and followed by 5,000 unit heparin IV bolus with continuous infusion for 5 days. Angiography was performed at 60 and 90min after the first bolus and between 12-24 hour after study entry. After 7-10 days of myocardial infacrtion, coronary angiograms were performed in all patients who had been taken ddouble bolus t-PA. RESULTS: At 60min, angiography revealed infarct-related coronary artery patency of TIMI flow grade 3 in 15(88%) of 17 patients. At 90min, infarct-related coronary artery patency of TIMI flow grade 3 was achieved in 16(94%) of 17 patients. Bleeding episodes were mostly minor(6 of 33 patients, 18%), and hemorrhagic stroke was developed in 1 patients(1/33, 3.0%). Three patients(9.0%) died in hospitalization probably due to ventricular rupture. CONCLUSION: The administration of 100mg of double bolus t-PA in acute myocardial infarcion results in remarkably high early TIMI flow grade 3 on infarct-related coronary artery patency rates(88% and 94% at 60 and 90min, respectively). The bolus injection of t-PA may be simple and effective strategy in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. However, large numbers of prospective study would be required.
Angiography ; Coronary Vessels ; Hemorrhage ; Heparin ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Mortality ; Myocardial Infarction* ; Myocardial Reperfusion ; Plasminogen ; Rupture ; Stroke ; Tissue Plasminogen Activator*